Nutritional and Health Aspects of Sweeteners - Sweeteners: Nutritional Aspects, Applications, and Production Technology - page 329

Chapter 11
Nutritional and health aspects of Sweeteners
Theodoros Varzakas and Costas Chryssanthopoulos
CONteNtS
11.1 Glycemic Response to Sugars and Sweeteners..................................................................... 329
11.2 Gastrointestinal Tolerance .................................................................................................... 334
11.3 Dental Health........................................................................................................................ 336
11.3.1 Dental Caries ............................................................................................................ 336
11.4 Prebiotics and Digestive Health............................................................................................ 340
11.5 Calorie Control and Weight Management ............................................................................ 342
11.5.1 Artiicial Sweetener Intake in Children ................................................................... 343
11.5.2 Observational Studies of Artiicial Sweeteners and Weight Gain in Children ........344
11.5.3 Interventional Studies of Artiicial Sweeteners and Weight Gain in Children ........ 345
11.5.4 Do Artiicial Sweeteners Help Reduce Weight?....................................................... 345
11.5.5 Artiicial Sweeteners and Energy ............................................................................. 347
11.5.6 Can Consumption of High-Intensity Sweeteners Disrupt Energy Balance? ............ 348
11.5.7 High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Energy Intake, and Body Weight................................. 349
11.5.8 Honey and Weight Gain............................................................................................ 350
11.5.9 Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain ......................................................... 351
11.6 Human Performance Applications ....................................................................................... 353
11.6.1 Ingestion of Carbohydrates before Exercise ............................................................. 353
11.6.2 Ingestion of Carbohydrate Beverages during Exercise............................................. 354
11.6.3 Ingestion of Carbohydrates during Recovery ........................................................... 355
References ...................................................................................................................................... 355
11.1 GLYCeMIC reSpONSe tO SUGarS aND SWeeteNerS
Glycemic impact, deined as “the weight of glucose that would induce a glycemic response
equivalent to that induced by a given amount of food” (Miller-Jones 2007), expresses relative gly-
cemic potential in grams of glycemic glucose equivalents (GGEs) per speciied amount of food.
Therefore, GGE behaves as a food component, and (relative) glycemic impact (RGI) is the GGE
intake responsible for a glycemic response (Monro and Shaw 2008). RGI differs from glycemic
index (GI), because it refers to food and depends on food intake, whereas GI refers to carbohydrate
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