Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
In3-to17-year-oldchildren,exposurewouldbe0.09mg/kgbw/dayontheaverageand0.72mg/
kgbw/dayatthe97.5thpercentile.Intheseconsumersonly,theaverageintakewouldbe0.18mg/kg
bw/dayand0.88mg/kgbw/datthe97.5thpercentile.Thehumantoxicityvalueusedforcomparison
is23.5mg/kgbw/day.
In 2- to 20-year-old diabetics, exposure would be 0.36 mg/kg bw/day on the average and
1.66Â mg/kgbw/dayatthe97.5thpercentile,overall.Inconsumersonly(80%ofdiabeticpatientsare
consumers),theaverageintakewouldbe0.45mg/kgbw/dayand1.70mg/kgbw/dayatthe97.5th
percentile. Thehumantoxicityvalueusedforcomparisonis23.5mg/kgbw/day(AFSSA2009).
The EFSA has received petitions from the European Stevia Association, Cargill, and Morita
fortheuseofsteviasweeteners(extractswith95%steviolglycosides).Finally,Turkeyhasrecently
approvedtheuseofsteviaextractsinfoodstuffs.
CargillandCoca-ColahavedevelopedTruviaandRebianafromstevialeaves,andPepsiCoand
MerisanthavedevelopedPureVia.Theeliminationofaftertasteisthemostcriticalissueinthesuc-
cessofsteviasweeteners(GlobalSteviaIndustryPerceptionsReport2009).
CargillproducedpuriiedrebaudiosideAcompositionsusingsolventcrystallization.Coca-Cola
hasalsopreparedrebaudiosidederivativeswithamoredesirablelavorproilebyheatingasolution
containingrebaudiosideAwithanorganicacid.
PepsiCo has developed steviol glycoside isomers to be used as sweeteners in carbonated and
noncarbonatedbeverages,oatmeal,cereals,snacks,andbakeryproducts.
TheCouncilofScientiicandIndustrialResearchinIndiaproducedsteviosidesusingwaterand
food-gradeionexchangeresinsinlesstimewithincreasedyield.
Steviaextractscanbeblendedwithmaltodextrin,sucrose,fructose,andglucoseandnoncongru-
entlavorvolatiles(taste-modifyingcomposition)toproduceatabletopsweetener,asreportedby
Cargill.
SCLcanbeblendedwithsteviaextractsincludingmaltodextrinsanderythritoltoimpartafter-
taste and bitterness in low-calorie carbonated beverages, tea, and coffee (McNeil Nutritionals).
Steviaextractsarealsoaddedtoerythritol-basedtabletopsweeteners,maskingerythritol-induced
brighteningandeliminatingcooling.
Finally,Cadburyusedthesynergisticcombinationofextractsfromstevialeaves,
Rubus suavis-
simus
leaves,and
Cucurbitaceae
fruit,particularlyluohanguoor
Siraitia grosvenorii
.
10.9 CYCLaMate
TheSCFreviewedthetoxicityofCYC,cyclohexylamine,anddicyclohexylaminein1985and
establishedatemporaryADIof0-11mg/kgbw,expressedascyclamicacid,forcyclamicacidand
itssodiumandcalciumsalts(CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities1985).
Thenewepidemiologicaldatarevealednoindicationsoftheharmfuleffectsonhumanrepro-
ductionparametersofeitherCYCusedasafoodadditiveorofworkplaceexposuretocyclohexy-
lamine,althoughthelatterstudywasconsidereddificulttointerpret(SCF2000).
Thecommitteenotedthatno
in vitro
studiestocomparetherelativesensitivityofhuman,mon-
key,andrattesticulartissuetocyclohexylaminewereperformedbutacknowledgedthedificulties
inperformingsuchstudies.Thecommitteenownolongerrequiressuchstudies.
AfterconsideringallthedataavailableontheconversionofCYCtocyclohexylamineinhumans,
including the new data provided, the committee concluded the uncertainties with respect to the
conversion rate in humans could be eliminated but the 18.9% conversion rate used for establish-
ingthetemporaryADIof0-11mg/kgbwisnolongerappropriate.Therearelargeinterindividual
variationsobservedinconversionratesandalackofknowledgeabouttheminimaltimespanof
exposure to cyclohexylamine, which might result in testicular damage. The committee therefore
concludedthemaximumobservedindividualoverallconversionofCYCtocyclohexylamineand
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