Quality Control of Sweeteners: Production, Handling, and Storage - Sweeteners: Nutritional Aspects, Applications, and Production Technology - page 289

Invertedcaneandinvertedbeethaveasimilarproile,consistingof40%-50%sucrose,withthe
remainderbeingequalproportionsofglucoseandfructose.HFCScontains80%fructoseand20%
glucose.
Theabsenceofamaltosepeak(retentiontime=7.97min)relectstheadvancesincornsyrup
technology,withthecompletehydrolysisofstarchtomonosaccharidestakingplaceand/ormaltose
beingremovedintheion-exchangeresinreiningprocess.Thisissigniicant,asmaltoselevelshave
beenusedasanindicatorforcornsyrupadditiontoproductssuchashoney.
The glucose-to-fructose ratio, along with sorbitol and sucrose content, are useful indices for
distinguishingthesejuiceconcentratesandsweeteners.Ifapplejuicewereadulteratedwithprune
juiceconcentrate,thehighsorbitolcontentandhighglucose-to-fructoseratiosofprune(ivetimes
higherforprunethanapple)shouldallowforitsdetectionifthelevelofadulterationissubstantial.
Invertedcane,invertedbeet,whitegrape,pineapple,ig,andraisinjuiceconcentratesallhave
glucose-to-fructose ratios that are two to three times greater than apple. The glucose-to-fructose
ratiosforHFCS,softpear,andhardpear,however,arewithintherangeofauthenticapplejuice
(0.21-0.54;PilandoandWrolstad1992).
SugarandnonvolatileacidswerequantitatedbyHPLC.Sugaranalysesincludedglucose,fruc-
tose,sucrose,andsorbitolcontent,andnonvolatileaciddeterminationsincludedquinic,malic,cit-
ric,tartaric,shikimic,andfumaricacids.
L-Maliccontentwasalsodeterminedbyenzymicprocedures.Mineralcompositionwasmea-
sured by ICP spectroscopy. Fruit juice concentrates and sweeteners have characteristic composi-
tionalproilesthatareusefulforevaluatingjuicequalityandauthenticity.
Thesweetenersarelowinmetalions,exceptforthesodiumcontentofinvertedbeetandcane
sugar.TheabsenceofsodiuminHFCSsupportsWhite'sconclusionthatthesodium-to-potassium
ratioisnotreliablefordetectingtheadulterationofhoneywithcornsyrup(White1977).
9.23 MeChaNICaL prOpertIeS
Thephysical,low,andmechanicalpropertiesoffourcommonpharmaceuticalsweetenerswere
measuredbyMullarneyetal.(2003)toassesstheirrelativemanufacturabilityinsoliddosagefor-
mulations. Sucrose, acesulfame potassium, saccharin sodium, and aspartame were evaluated to
determinesigniicantdifferencesinparticleshape,sizedistribution,andtruedensity.Powderlow,
cohesivity,andcompactmechanicalpropertiessuchasductility,elasticity,andtensilestrengthwere
measuredandfoundtobenoticeablydifferent.Amongthesesweeteners,sucroseandacesulfame
potassiumdemonstratedexcellentlowabilityandmarginalmechanicalpropertyperformancerela-
tivetomorethan100commonlyusedpharmaceuticalexcipientsevaluatedintheauthors'labora-
tory.Saccharinsodiumandaspartamedemonstratedpoorlowabilityandsuperiorcompactstrength
relativetosucroseandacesulfame,despitetheirnoticeablyhigherbrittleness.
Thetruedensitiesofthesweetenerstestedwerebetween1.35g/cm 3 and1.83g/cm 3 .Thesesmall
differencesindensityarenotlikelytoincitesigniicantsegregationintypicalblends.Powderden-
siicationbehaviorwasdeterminedbyperformingbulkandtappeddensitymeasurements.There
was no change in ranking by converting from density to solid fraction, (acesulfame > sucrose >
saccharin > aspartame).
Mullarneyetal.(2003)showedthatsucroseandacesulfame canbetappedtoamuchhigher
solidfractionthanthesmaller,moreirregularlyshapedparticles(saccharinandaspartame).
Thedynamicindentationhardness( H 0 )isdeinedasthepressure(force/area)requiredtoplasti-
callydeformacompactduringaveryfastcompressionoperationusingapendulumimpactdevice
(Hiestand2002).Thesubscriptontheindentationhardnesssymbol,e.g., Ht ,indicatestheapproxi-
matedwelltime( t )oftheindenterinminutes.