Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
27
R.C. Hilborn,
Chaos
and
Nonlinear
Dynamics
(UK: Oxford University Press, 1994).
28
Hadamard,
Lectures
on
the
Cauchy
Problem
.
29
National Academy of Engineering,
The
Engineer
of
2020:
Visions
of
Engineering
in
the
New
Century
(Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2004), 48.
30
This analogy does not hold completely to the economics of technology, since in chemistry the
catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. We
know that technologies do indeed become consumed (antiquated and in need of replacement).
31
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Thermodynamic Equilibrium, 15 March 2006,
32
M. Martin and R. Schinzinger,
Ethic
in
Engineering
(New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996).
33
His actual given name was Thomas Robert Malthus.
34
Paul R. Ehrlich,
The
Population
Bomb
(New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1968).
35
Ibid., 20.
36
Salil Singh, 17 April 2006, “Norman Borlaug: A Billion Lives Saved.” A World Connected,
37
Ibid.
38
Ibid.
39
Ehrlich,
The
Population
Bomb
, 95.
40
Ibid., 96.
41
Ibid., 69.
42
Ibid.
43
National Academy of Engineering, 27-8.
44
Ibid.
45
Ibid., 28-9.
46
Ehrlich,
The
Population
Bomb
, 78.
47
In 1883, Francis Galton, Charles Darwin's cousin, coined the term “eugenics.” He reportedly
objected to charity because it encouraged the poor to have more children. Such elitism is an example
of social engineering run amok.
48
National Society for Professional Engineering, 2003, NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers,
http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-code.asp
(accessed 8 January 2006).
49
T.L. Beauchamp and J.F. Childress, “Moral Norms,” in
Principles
of
Biomedical
Ethics
, 5th ed.
(New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001).
50
B. Gert,
Common
Morality:
Deciding
What
to
Do
(New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2004).
51
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2006, Professional Practice Curriculum, “Engi-
neering Ethics,”
http://www.professionalpractice.asme.org/engineering/ethics/0b.htm
(accessed
10 April 2006).
52
Note that this is not the “reasonable engineer standard.” Thus, the reasonable person standard adds an
onus to the profession, i.e., not only should an action be acceptable to one's peers in the profession,
but to those outside of engineering. An action could very well be legal, and even professionally
permissible, but may still fall below the ethical threshold if reasonable people consider it to be
wrong.
53
L. Kohlberg,
The
Philosophy
of
Moral
Development
, vol. 1 (San Francisco, CA: Harper &
Row, 1981).
54
J. Piaget,
The
Moral
Judgment
of
the
Child
(New York, NY: The Free Press, 1965).
