Institutional factors in natural resource management in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa - Institutional Constraints to Small Farmer Development in Southern Africa - page 247

Pensions
Remittances

Figure 10.10. Distribution of off-farm income for Magwii, Tsaba and Lashington.

800

700

600

500

Crops
Selling animals
Selling wool

400

300

200

100

0

Lash Magwiji Tsaba

Village

Figure 10.11. Distribution of farm income in Magwii, Tsaba and Lashington.

10.9.8 Household expenditure

Household expenditure is the amount of money spent on clothes, furniture, food and
education. It was found that in all the three communities, more money is spent on food than
on fuel, transport or education. That is, the average amount of money spent on groceries
in Lashington is R4,562.67, while in Magwiji is R4,836.73 and Tsaba is R4,330.87. These
results show that farm income cannot cover household expenditure as a result people use
their off-farm incomes to cover their expenditures.

10.10 Conclusion and policy implications

It is clear from the foregoing that wide-ranging institutional arrangements have always existed
in the region to regulate the use and management of rangelands and these have functioned