Institutional factors in natural resource management in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa - Institutional Constraints to Small Farmer Development in Southern Africa - page 240

Nilsson (2001) used Ostrom's correlation pattern to find correlation between the design
principles (institutional arrangements) and institutional performance. These design
principles are a feature that contributes to maintaining the institutions and their resource
base, and gaining user loyalty for the rules (Tucker, 2000). Institutional performance was
categorized into robust, fragile and failure. The results showed that institutional performance
in Endabeg was a failure because of no clear defined boundaries, weak collective choice
arrangements and there was no monitoring and enforcements.
A further analysis was carried out using chi-squared analysis to test whether particular design
principles were more likely to be having an effect on communal rangelands. The reason for
using this analysis was to examine whether the impact of various institutional arrangements
on communal rangelands differ from one another and because the variables were categorical
in nature not numerical. That is, to determine whether there was a statistically significant
difference between institutional arrangements in terms of their impact on rangelands.
10.9 Expected results
There are various variables that are assumed to have an impact on the use of communal
rangelands. The IAD framework was used to describe these variables and their impact on
the use of communal rangelands. The following are some of the expected results:
a. Collective choice arrangements : The expectation is that the communities are collectively
managing their rangelands and that they adhered to the set rules. It is also expected that
communities are involved in the decision-making process
b. Sanctions: The expectation is that violators of rules are given fines. It is also expected
that there are other ways of punishing violators apart from fines.
c. Conflict resolution management: It is expected that there are conflicts regarding the use
of communal rangelands and some of these conflicts can result in violence. Conflicts are
expected to come from those who do not want to abide by the rules. It is also expected
that communities are responsible for solving their disputes.
d. Grazing camps and herding: It is expected that the availability of grazing camps, as
one of the rangeland management practices in the communities, plays a major role in
improving the rangeland conditions. Managing livestock movement during grazing is
also expected to reduce the incidences of animals grazing at the wrong places especially
when the camps are closed.
e. Extension services: Extension services play a major role of helping resource users to
adopt various rangeland management practices. The expectation is that where there
are effective extension services and communities are well informed about the existing
institutional factors for managing their rangelands. An effective extension service is also
expected to encourage farmers to form more local farmer's organisations and to adapt
to more rangeland management practices.