Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Exposures of Aquatic Organisms
to the Organophosphorus Insecticide,
Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use
in the United States
W. Martin Williams, Jeffrey M. Giddings, John Purdy,
Keith R. Solomon, and John P. Giesy
1
Introduction
Chlorpyrifos ( O , O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate) is an
organophosphorus insecticide that has been detected in surface waters of the United
States (CDPR 2012a ; Martin et al. 2011 ; NCWQR 2012 ; WDOE 2012 ). The potential
for chlorpyrifos (CPY) to occur in surface water is governed by complex interactions
of factors related to application, agronomic practices, climatological conditions dur-
ing and after application, soil pedology and chemistry, hydrologic responses of drain-
age systems, and its physicochemical properties that affect mobility and persistence
under those environmental settings. These conditions vary among patterns of use such
as the crop to which it is applied within the different regions of the country that have
different soil types and climates. CPY use and registrations have changed over time as
a result of market forces and product stewardship, including the ban of retail use and
The online version of this chapter (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0_4 ) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users.
W.M. Williams ( * )
Waterborne Environmental Inc., Leesburg, VA, USA
e mail: williamsm@waterborne-env.com
J.M. Giddings
Compliance Services International, Rochester, MA, USA
J. Purdy
Abacus Consulting, Campbellville, ON, Canada
K.R. Solomon
Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON, Canada
J.P. Giesy
Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre,
University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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