Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12
Criteria for the categorization of compounds as POPs or PBT
Potential for
long-range
transport (LRT)
Persistent (P)
Bioaccumulative (B)
Toxicity (T)
POP (Stockholm Convention)
Water: DT
50
>
2 months
Sediment: DT
50
>
6 months
Soil: DT
50
>
6 months
Other evidence of
persistence
BCF >5,000 or Log
K
OW
> 5
Other, e.g., very toxic
or bioaccumulation
in nontarget species.
Trigger values for
BMF, BAF, and
BSAF not available
No specific criteria other
than “significant
adverse effects”
Air: DT
50
>2 d or
monitoring
modeling or
data that shows
long-range
transport
PBT (EC No. 1107/2009)
Marine water:
t½ >60 d
Fresh water
t½ >40 d
Marine sediment:
t½ >180 d
Freshwater
sediment:
t½ >120 d
Soil: t½ >120 d
BCF >2,000 in aquatic
species.
Trigger
values for BMF,
BAF, and BSAF not
available
Chronic NOEC <0.01 mg/L
or is a carcinogen,
mutagen, or toxic for
reproduction, or other
evidence of toxicity.
Trigger values for
non-aquatic species not
available
None
From European Community (
2009
); United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (
1998
);
United Nations Environmental Programme (
2001
). Author comments in
italics
set of data available for risk assessment of pesticides (Solomon et al.
2013
).
In addition, as has been pointed out previously, classification criteria are inconsis-
tent for PBT among regulations in various jurisdictions (Moermond et al.
2011
)
and, in some cases, appropriate criteria and/or guidance are not provided (Solomon
et al.
2013
). Under EC regulation No. 1107/2009, exceeding trigger values for P, B,
and T results in a ban and, exceeding two of three, results in being listed for substi-
tution with pesticides that are less P, B, and/or T. In the sections below, we assess
CPY as a POP and PBT based on criteria for POPs (Stockholm) and PBT (EC regu-
lation No. 1107/2009). To our knowledge, neither CPY nor CPYO are officially
being considered for classification as POPs or PBTs, although, some have suggested
that they be considered (Watts
2012
).
In assessing P and B for chemicals, the concern is for the general environment,
not for a particular local scenario. Because extreme values that are observed in spe-
cific situations are not representative of all locations, it is best to use mean values.
Moreover, because many P or B processes are driven by first-order kinetics, the
geometric mean value is most appropriate for comparing triggers for classification.
Accordingly, these were used in the following sections.
Classification as a POP
. CPY does not meet the criteria for P, B, and LRT for clas-
sification as a POP. Persistence in water, sediment, and soil (Table
6
) is less than the
trigger values (Sects.
3
and
4
, above), and there is no evidence to suggest ecologically
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