Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 251

Table 13 Risk quotients for water consumption of chlorpyrifos (CPY) (LOC = 0.4) based on concentrations determined by different models
Median 95th centile or maximum

Dew/wet
foliage
Liqui-
PARAM b

OCSPP 2012
dew/wet
foliage

Dew/wet
foliage
Liqui- PARAM

OCSPP 2012
dew/wet foliage a

Tier-1 rice
model a

PRZM/EXAMS
puddle/pore water c Variable

Predicted concentration at 1.12 kg
CPY ha −1 (μg L −1 )

140 102 5.10 × 10 −3 571 730 210

Dose from drinking d
water (μg bee −1 )

0.007 0.005 2.40 × 10 −7 0.027 0.034 0.010

Tier 1 RQ e drinking water 0.06 0.04 2.10 × 10 −6 0.24 0.30 0.09

Dose based on water d collected (μg bee −1 ) 0.035 0.03 6.38 × 10 −6 0.71 0.18 0.05

RQ e for water collection by honey bees 0.31 0.22 5.59 × 10 −5 6.26 1.60 0.46

a Described in OCSPP (2012)
b Moore et al. ( 2014 )
c Williams et al. (Williams et al. 2014 ). Based on a NC tobacco scenario run for 30 yr from 1961 to 1990
d Dose = concentration × volume, where volume = 47 μL for drinking water, 1,250 μL for puddle, and 250 μL for dew/wet foliage (see discussion above)
e Risk Quotient = Dose/LD 50 where LD 50 = 0.114 μg bee −1