Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6 Acute topical toxicity (48 h unless indicated otherwise) of technical and formulated
chlorpyrifos (CPY) to the honey bee
Topical LD 50
(μg CPY bee −1 )
Formulation
% Purity
Reference
Technical
≥ 95
0.059 a
Stevenson ( 1978 )
Technical
99%
0.115 b
Mansour and Al-Jalili ( 1985 )
Technical product
geometric mean
0.082
Lorsban 48E
48
0.024
Carrasco-Letelier et al. ( 2012 )
Dursban F
97.4
0.070
Chen ( 1994 )
Lorsban Advanced
41.1
0.14 c
Schmitzer ( 2008 )
Dursban 480
48
0.22
Bell ( 1993 )
Dursban WG
75
0.54
Bell ( 1996 )
Formulated product
geometric mean
0.123
a Test duration not reported
b 25 h test duration
c Reported as 0.35 μg product bee −1 , formulation code GF-2153
Table 7 Acute oral toxicity (48 h unless indicated otherwise) of technical and formulated
chlorpyrifos (CPY) to the honey bee
Oral LD 50
(μg CPY bee −1 )
Formulation
% Purity
Reference
Technical
≥95%
0.114 a
Stevenson ( 1978 )
Lorsban 4E
-
0.11 b
Atkins and Kellum ( 1986 )
Dursban 4
48
0.29
Anonymous ( 1986 )
Dursban 480
48
0.33
Bell ( 1993 )
Dursban F
97.4
0.36
Chen ( 1994 )
Lorsban Advanced
41.1
0.39 c
Schmitzer ( 2008 )
Lorsban 50 WP
50
0.4 b
Clinch ( 1972 )
Lorsban 50 W
50.2
0.46 d
Hahne ( 2000 )
Dursban WG
75
1.1
Bell ( 1996 )
Formulated product
geometric mean
0.36
a Test duration not reported
b 24 h test duration
c Reported as 0.94 μg product bee −1 , formulation code GF-2153
d Reported as 0.91 μg product bee −1
1-2, 3-4, and 5-6 day-old larvae and adults were 0.209, 0.302, 0.066, and 0.11 μg
bee −1 , respectively (Atkins and Kellum 1986 ). Based on these data, the LD 50 geo-
metric mean for all larval stages was 0.146 μg CPY larvae −1 (the authors report a
mean of 0.051 μg larvae −1 , although it is unclear how this value was derived), which
is approximately twice the topical LD 50 for adult bees. Therefore, LD 50 values for
adult bees are protective of the larval life stages.
Effects on non - target arthropods ( NTA ) as a surrogate for non - Apis bees . It has
been recommended that Tier-1data for NTA be generated by exposing Aphidius
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