Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2
Concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPY) detected in pollen and honey from honey bee
colonies
Concentration (
μ
g kg
−1
)
95th
centile
b
Matrix
Mean
a
Median
b
Maximum
b
LOD
c
% of samples
Reference
Pollen
53.3
4.4
830.0
226.5
0.1
43.7 (153/350)
Mullin et al. (
2010
)
35
-
35
-
10.0
0.5 (1/198)
Chauzat et al. (
2011
)
955
-
967
-
NA
-
DeGrandi- Hoffman
et al. (
2013
)
302
-
310
-
NA
-
DeGrandi- Hoffman
et al. (
2013
)
Honey
46
-
80
-
4.0
41.9 (13/31)
Pareja et al. (
2011
)
-
-
15
-
0.8
-
Rissato et al. (
2007
)
ND
d
-
ND
-
3.5
0 (0/239)
Chauzat et al. (
2011
)
ND
ND
ND
-
5.0
0 (0/51)
Choudhary and
Sharma (
2008
)
a
Based on positive detections
b
Based on calculations that included 0 μg kg
−1
for non-detections
c
Limit of detection
d
ND = CPY was included in residue analysis but was not detected
The mean concentration of CPY in almond pollen, collected from pollen traps on
honey bee hives in an orchard in California that had been treated 2 wk earlier with
Lorsban Advanced at 0.85 kg AI ha
−1
(0.5 U.S. gal A
−1
) as a mixture with crop oil,
was 955 μg CPY kg
−1
wet weight (wwt) (DeGrandi-Hoffman et al.
2013
). In con-
trast to the analyses conducted by Mullin et al. (
2010
), the QuEChERS multiresidue
analytical method used by DeGrandi-Hoffman et al. (
2013
) used external calibra-
tion standards, which could not account for matrix effects. This method can give
results with large “peak enhancement” errors that may exceed 20% (Kwon et al.
2012
). As a result, the concentrations reported can be considered as upper limit
values but should be interpreted with caution. This value is 15% greater than the
maximum concentration of CPY of 830 μg kg
−1
and 3.7-fold greater than the 95th
centile of 227 μg kg
−1
(wwt) reported by Mullin et al. (
2010
). This study also char-
acterized concentrations of CPY in other food components in the hive when the
only pollen available to be bees contained residues of CPY. Mean concentrations of
CPY in pollen used in the two experiments were 967 and 942 μg kg
−1
(wwt), and the
corresponding concentrations in bee bread were 310 and 293 μg kg
−1
(wwt), which
suggests degradation had occurred (Table
2
). No residues were detected in royal
jelly or in queen larvae.
In a study examining in-hive concentrations of pesticides in various matrices col-
lected from 24 apiaries in France, 2002-2005, CPY was detected only in one of 198
samples of trapped pollen (Chauzat et al.
2011
) (Table
2
). In western Uruguay, vari-
ous honey bee hive matrices were collected from depopulated and healthy honey bee
hives (Pareja et al.
2011
). Approximately 4,800 samples were obtained from eight
depopulated apiaries and approximately 10,000 hive samples were obtained from 29
healthy apiaries. Each set of samples was randomly sub-sampled. CPY was detected
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