Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6
(continued)
Exceedence
probability (%)
NOEL
Crop
Use pattern
Species
a
LOEL
Soybean
Louisiana—1.05 kg ha
−1
(0.94 lb A
−1
)
applied broadcast post-plant 3× with
14-d interval (May-Aug)
Blue grosbeak
0.07
0
Dickcissel
0.07
0
Horned lark
4.77
0
Indigo bunting
5.74
0
Mourning dove
0
0
Red-winged blackbird
0.22
0
Sweet
corn
Florida—1.12 kg ha
−1
(1 lb A
−1
) applied
broadcast at-plant and band post-plant
3× with 10-d interval
Common crow
0.37
0
Mourning dove
0
0
Northern bobwhite
0
0
Red-winged blackbird
0.66
0
NA = not applicable
a
See Table
1
for scientifi c names
Overall, fl owable CPY had minimal effects on birds in treated corn fi elds (
1994
).
This result occurred in spite of far greater rates of application being used in the fi eld
study (3.36 kg ha
−1
(3 lb ai A
−1
) during the pre-plant stage, 1.7 kg ha
−1
(1.5 lb ai A
−1
)
applied broadcast postplant 3×) than currently allowed on the Lorsban Advanced
label for corn (1.12 kg ha
−1
(1 lb ai A
−1
) applied broadcast at-plant and band post-plant
3× with 10-d interval) The results of the fi eld study suggest that the LiquidPARAM
modeling exercise overestimated risks to birds, particularly for the horned lark (
E. alp-
estris
) and killdeer (
Charadrius vociferous
) (assuming high sensitivity) and the red-
winged blackbird (
A. phoeniceus
) (Table
5
).
Brassica
. Three cabbage fi elds in central Poland, were chosen to study the effects of
CPY application on associated bird communities (Moosmayer and Wilkens
2008
).
Dursban
®
480 EC, a fl owable formulation of CPY, was applied twice at a rate of
0.95 kg ha
−1
(0.85 lb A
−1
) with an application interval of 14-d. Visual searches for
carcasses, monitoring of nests and radio-tracking were used to estimate adverse effects
to wildlife. No signs of toxicity were observed during the visual searches or monitoring
of nests and no carcasses were recovered from the treated fi elds. Fifty-three birds were
caught, radio-tagged, and tracked over the treatment period. None of the radio-tagged
birds experienced adverse effects related to application of CPY.
Although there were no signifi cant effects to birds in the brassica fi eld study, it
was not possible to determine whether predictions of LiquidPARAM of little or no
risk to birds (Table
5
) were reasonable because the application rates in the fi eld
study were less than half the rate used in the modeling exercise.
Citrus
. Effects of Lorsban 4E applied in California citrus groves to birds were deter-
mined by Gallagher et al. (
1994
). Two application scenarios were included in the
study: (1) 1.65 kg ha
−1
(1.5 lb ai A
−1
) Lorsban 4E applied post bloom and 6.62 kg ha
−1
(6 lb ai A
−1
) after petal-fall and (2) 3.86 kg ha
−1
(3.5 lb ai A
−1
) applied post bloom
and 4.4 kg ha
−1
(4 lb ai A
−1
) post petal fall. The post-bloom applications were made
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