Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 170

Table 3 Exposure scenarios for Lorsban ® 15G

Rate of
application

Crop Use pattern kg ha −1 lb A −1 Focal bird species a

Broccoli California—applied T-band

at-plant

2.52 2.25 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove

Corn and
sweet
corn

Midwest—applied T-band
or in-furrow at-plant;
applied broadcast or
in-furrow postplant

1.46 1.3 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove, Northern
bobwhite, Common pheasant

1.12 1

Onion Pacifi c northwest—applied

in-furrow at-plant

1.12 1 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove

Peanut Southeast—applied band

postplant

4.48 4 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove, Northern
bobwhite

Sugarbeet Midwest—applied broadcast

at-plant

1.12 1 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove, Northern
bobwhite, Common pheasant

Sunfl ower Midwest—applied T-band
at-plant

1.45 1.3 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove, Northern
bobwhite, Common pheasant

Tobacco Southeast—applied broadcast

preplant with incorporation

2.24 2 Horned lark, Red-winged blackbird,

Mourning dove, Northern
bobwhite

a See Table 1 for scientifi c names

assessments for the two formulations. Applications of Lorsban Advanced can be
made up to a rate of 6.3 kg ai ha −1 (5.6 lb ai A −1 ) (oranges in California) with a maxi-
mum of four applications (alfalfa) per season. Only one application of Lorsban 15G
can be made per season with a maximum application rate of 4.5 kg ai ha −1 (4 lb ai
A −1 ) (peanut). Lorsban Advanced is generally applied by broadcast, airblast, or
banded methods, and Lorsban 15G is applied by T-band, in-furrow, or broadcast
methods. For each use-pattern, a “high use” region of North America was deter-
mined from regional sales and use data provided in Gomez ( 2009 ). Focal species
that would likely be in the treated areas for each use and region were selected
by reviewing their ranges, preferred habitats, and patterns of seasonal migrations
(see SI Appendix 1). The resulting exposure scenarios are shown in Tables 2 and 3 .

2.9 Analysis Plan

The refi ned assessments of risks of Lorsban Advanced and Lorsban 15G to birds were
conducted in three phases: assessment of exposure, assessment of effects, and charac-
terization of risks. The following sections outline the analysis plan for Lorsban
Advanced (the fl owable formulation) and Lorsban 15G (the granular formulation).