Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 168

Table 1 Focal bird species used in the risk assessment of chlorpyrifos
Common name Scientifi c name Feeding preferences

Abert's towhee Pipilo aberti Insects and seeds from the ground

American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Omnivorous and opportunistic ground feeder

American robin Turdus migratorius Mainly insects and fruit

Blue grosbeak Passerina caerulea Mainly insects

Common pheasant Phasianus colchicus Agricultural grains and other vegetation,

insects, and seeds

Dickcissel Spiza americana Ground-dwelling arthropods and seeds

Horned lark Eremophilia alpestris Almost entirely seeds in the winter months, but

also ground-dwelling insects in the spring,
summer and fall

Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea Seeds, berries, and insects gleaned from foliage

Killdeer Charadrius vociferous Almost entirely arthropods with a small

amount of seeds

Mourning dove Zenaida macroura Only seeds

Northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus Insects and seeds

Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Insects and seeds

Vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus Grasses, seeds and foliage-dwelling insects

Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Mainly insects with a small amount of seeds

and grains

2.7 Focal Species

The focal bird species selected for the refi ned avian risk assessment commonly
occur in and around areas where CPY may be applied and have adequate data to
quantify their foraging behavior and diets (Table 1 ). They have a range of body
mass and are insectivorous, granivorous, or both. Each of the focal species is
described in more detail in SI Appendix 1.

2.8 Exposure Scenarios

Each focal species was included in a number of exposure scenarios (Tables 2 and 3 ).
The refi ned assessment focused on application of Lorsban Advanced (the fl owable
formulation) to the following crops: alfalfa, almond, apple, broccoli, cherry, corn,
grape, grapefruit, orange, pecan, soybean, and sweet corn, and application of
Lorsban 15G (the granular formulation) to broccoli, corn, onion, peanut, sugar beet,
sunfl ower, sweet corn, and tobacco. These use patterns are inclusive of the range of
application rates, methods, regions, and timing on the Lorsban Advanced and 15G
labels (Solomon et al. 2014 ). In all of the modeling simulations, we assumed that
the maximum application rates and minimum re-treatment intervals permitted on the
Lorsban Advanced and 15G labels were used (Tables 2 and 3 ). The most important
use patterns in terms of mass of CPY applied are included in the refi ned avian