Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 161

R e fi ned Avian Risk Assessment
for Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Dwayne R. J. Moore , R. Scott Teed , Colleen D. Greer ,
Keith R. Solomon , and John P. Giesy

1 Introduction

Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate; CPY) is a
widely used, organophosphorus insecticide that was fi rst registered in the United States
in 1965. It is available in fl owable and granular formulations under the trademark
Lorsban ® and is registered in many countries for control of pests in soil or on foliage.
Birds are potentially at risk following application of CPY because: (1) they forage in
areas that could be treated with the pesticide, and (2) CPY has been shown to be toxic to
birds under laboratory conditions when they were exposed to ecologically relevant con-
centrations in the diet. Here we present a refi ned assessment of risk to birds from appli-
cation of granular or fl owable formulations of CPY to crops in the United States at rates
and frequencies of use approved on the current product labels. This assessment focused
on bird species that are known to frequently forage in crop fi elds treated with CPY.

The online version of this chapter (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0_6 ) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users.