Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
• Indirect effects are observed only at concentrations that cause pronounced effects
on arthropods. The most common indirect effects observed are an increase of
algae and an increase of less sensitive herbivores such as rotifers and snails.
• Results in lotic cosms are similar to those in lentic cosms, for CPY and for other
insecticides that target AChE.
• Consistent results are obtained from cosm studies conducted in different geo-
graphical locations and under different experimental conditions.
3.5
Reports of Field Incidents in U.S. Surface Waters
Prior to 2000, there were 44 incidents in a period of 3 yr involving fi sh-kills and
confi rmed exposure to CPY, largely associated with improper application of CPY as
a termiticide (summarized in Giesy et al.
1999
). Not all incidents involving reports
of adverse effects of pesticides in humans and the environment are reported to the
USEPA, but a search of the US EPA's Aggregate Incident Summary Report by
Ingredient revealed no moderate or minor incidents associated with surface waters
and CPY or products containing CPY between January 2002 and June 2012 (USEPA
2012a
). A total of 1,548 incidents were included in this dataset. However, some
incidents were reported in the US EPA's database of Specifi ed Ingredient Incidents
(USEPA
2012b
). The database contained 666 data records from the U.S. and other
locations, and 4 were associated with verifi ed exposure to CPY and kills of fi sh and/
or invertebrates. All four incidents appeared to be related to misuse and included
improper use of CPY as a termiticide in Alabama in June 2002, incorrect aerial
application of a mixture of CPY and cyfl uthrin in Lavender Canal in California, Feb
2003, and a similar incident on the Boone River, Iowa with a mixture of CPY and
pyraclostrobin in Aug 2009. One fi sh-kill incident was due to a spill or deliberate
release of several pesticides, including CPY, in Grape and Core Creeks in North
Carolina in May 2003 (Incident # I014123). Several thousand fi sh were killed, and
CPY was detected at 1.33 and 5.1
g L
−1
in Core Creek (along with pebulate and
fenamiphos). One sample in Grape Creek contained CPY at 24 g L
−1
(described as
an emulsion), clearly from a major spill or deliberate release. This sample also con-
tained sulfotep (0.51 g L
−1
), diazinon (0.74 g L
−1
), malathion (9.5 g L
−1
), and fenami-
phos (1.6 g L
−1
). All incidents were linked to misuse, and there was no indication
that normal use of CPY in agriculture has resulted in fi sh kills.
μ
4
Characterization of Risks
Where suffi cient data were available, such as for surface waters, risks posed by CPY
to aquatic organisms were characterized by comparison of measured and predicted
concentrations to SSDs of acute toxicity values. For sediments, where fewer toxic-
ity data were available, simple quotients of exposure concentrations to single toxic-
ity values (risk quotients, RQs) were utilized.
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