Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 117

Risks to Aquatic Organisms from
Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Jeffrey M. Giddings , W. Martin Williams ,
Keith R. Solomon , and John P. Giesy

1 Introduction

Effects of chlorpyrifos (CPY) in aquatic ecosystems are dependent on duration and
magnitude of exposure and toxicity to individual species. This paper is focused on
potential effects of CPY on aquatic organisms and ecosystems based on properties
and current uses of CPY (Mackay et al. 2014 ; Solomon et al. 2014 ) and probabilities
of exposure as determined by measurement in monitoring programs and predictions
of simulation models (Williams et al. 2014 ). Exposures, toxicity, and risks to birds,
other terrestrial wildlife, and pollinators are assessed in two additional companion
papers (Cutler et al. 2014 ; Moore et al. 2014 ). This paper follows the framework for
ecotoxicological risk assessment (ERA) developed by the US Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA 1992 , 1998 , 2004 ), and builds on a previous assessment
of risks posed by CPY in surface waters of North America (Giesy et al. 1999 ).
Like many risk assessments, the previous assessment of the risk of CPY in surface
waters (Giesy et al. 1999 ) was tiered. Lower tiers of risk assessments incorporate less
data and therefore make conservative assumptions when characterizing hazards and

The online version of this chapter (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0_5 ) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users.