Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
7
Roberson, P. L., and Carlson, R. D.,
“Determining the Lower Limit of
Detection for Personnel Dosime-
try Systems,”
Health Phys.
62
, 2-9
(1992).
8
Strom, D. J., and MacLellan, J. A.,
“Evaluation of Eight Decision Rules
for Low-level Radioactivity Counting,”
Health Phys.
81
tion measurements, with a number of
worked examples.]
10
Turner,J.E.,Wright,H.A.,and
Hamm, R. N., “A Monte Carlo Primer
for Health Physicists,”
Health Phys.
48
, 717-733 (1985).
11
Turner, J. E., Zerby, C. D., Woodyard,
R. L., Wright, H. A., Kinney, W. E.,
Snyder, W. S., and Neufeld, J., “Calcu-
lation of Radiation Dose from Protons
to 400 MeV,”
Health Phys.
10
, 27-34 (2001). [An
important analysis of different deci-
sion rules used to decide whether a
low-level measurement differs from
background.]
9
Tsoulfanidis, N.,
Measurement and De-
tection of Radiation
, McGraw-Hill, New
York (1983). [Chapter 2, entitled “Sta-
tistics and Errors,” is a good survey of
basic theory and statistics for radia-
, 783-808
(1964). [An early example of Monte
Carlo calculations of dose from en-
ergetic protons. Appendix A gives a
derivation of the relation between
energy deposited in subslabs per in-
cident particle and the dose per unit
fluence from a uniform, broad beam.]
11.15
Problems
1.
What is the probability that a normally incident, 400-keV
photon will penetrate a 2-mm lead sheet without interacting
(Section 8.7)?
What is the probability that a given atom of
226
Ra will live
1000 y before decaying?
2.
(a)
(b)
What is the probability that it will live 2000 y?
(c)
If the atom is already 10,000 years old, what is the
probability that it will live another 1000 y?
3.
An unbiased die is rolled 10 times.
(a)
What is the probability that exactly 4 threes will occur?
(b)
What is the probability that exactly 4 of any one number
alone will occur?
(c)
What is the probability that two numbers occur exactly 4
times?
4.
(a)
What is the mean number of threes expected in 10 rolls of a
die?
(b)
What would be the probability of observing exactly 4 threes,
according to Poisson statistics?
(c)
Why is the answer to part (b) different from the answer to
Problem 3(a)?
(d)
Which answer is correct? Why?
5.
What is the standard deviation of the number of threes that
occur in 10 rolls of a die?
