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start later, both data sets show how both countries turned into similar hybrid regimes after
different initial transformation periods. Tajikistan received better rates from the end of the
1990s on and Kyrgyzstan worser, so both countries realigned. Nevertheless, formal democratic
institutions are stronger and more stable in Kyrgyzstan than in Tajikistan. In both countries,
however, their effectiveness is limited by informal practices, which will be outlined in the next
sections.
Table 8: Freedom House Ratings for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
Freedom House
Indicator State 1992 1993 1994 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 2004 2005
KG
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
5
Political
rights
TJ
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
KG
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
5
Civil
liberties
TJ
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
1.0-2.5: free; 3.00-5.00: partly free; 5.50-7.00: not free
Source: http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw/FIWAllScores.xls (accessed 12/07/2007)
Table 9: World Bank Governance Indicators for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
World Bank Governance Indicators
Indicator
State
1996
1998
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
KG
-0,71
-0,71
-1,18
-1
-1,08
-0,96
-0,8
-0,7
Voice and accountability
TJ
-1,63
-1,66
-1,38
-1,32
-1,28
-1,3
-1,17
-1,27
KG
0,57
0,01
-0,48
-1,18
-1,25
-1,16
-1,14
-1,2
Political stability
TJ
-2,59
-2,26
-1,86
-1,42
-1,41
-1,41
-1,33
-1,3
KG
-0,49
-0,28
-0,49
-0,64
-0,65
-0,72
-0,89
-0,86
Government effectiveness
TJ
-1,61
-1,49
-1,24
-1,13
-1,11
-1,12
-1,1
-1,06
KG
-0,46
-0,49
-0,33
-0,19
-0,25
-1,16
-0,66
-0,57
Regulatory quality
TJ
-2,26
-1,99
-1,28
-1,29
-1,12
-1,06
-1,02
-0,98
KG
-0,64
-0,72
-0,88
-0,77
-0,82
-0,82
-1,07
-1,18
Rule of law
TJ
-1,55
-1,74
-1,52
-1,3
-1,09
-1,14
-1
-1,06
KG
-0,85
-0,7
-0,89
-0,85
-0,85
-0,98
-1,06
-1,09
Control of corruption
TJ
-1,74
-1,33
-1,2
-1,03
-1,02
-1,16
-1,07
-0,91
Rating: -2.50 (very poor governance record) to +2.50 (very good governance record)
Note: There are no data for 1997, 1999, 2001 and prior to 1996.
Source: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi2007/sc country.asp (accessed 12/07/2007)
Autocratic and personalistic leadership
Both countries have authoritarian features (Tajikistan more so than Kyrgyzstan) and deficien
cies regarding basic democratic principles such as civil rights, free elections and separation of
power. Despite the establishment of quasi democratic rules, these are often not effectively put
into practice. The presidential systems in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan soon showed autocratic
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