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on the basis of the expert knowledge base collected in the system. Figure 5.1
shows an example of cognitive resonance occurring in the analysis of bone images
of a foot in which lesions are detected. When the characteristic features of the ana-
lysed foot bone X-rays are compared to expectations concerning lesions found in
the X-ray images analysed, a resonance occurs, as a result of which consistencies
of pairs of features and expectations are determined, or inconsistencies between
the characteristic features and expectations are identified. Only the first case al-
lows further cognitive activity leading to understanding the analysed data to be
carried out at this analysis stage.
UBIAS systems illustrate the analysis of image data, and in particular various
types of medical images. Such systems are designed to semantically analyse data
in the form of various lesions found in different parts of different organs. Below,
an example UBIAS system used for analysing and interpreting image data ob-
tained from X-rays of foot bones is presented.
This system was developed to analyse and interpret image data associated le-
sions occurring within the foot skeleton.
The following lesions were distinguished in the lesion analysis:
toe fractures;
foot bone fractures;
degenerative lesions;
foot deformations;
arthritis;
tuberculosis of bones.
A cognitive data analysis system analysing lesions occurring within foot bones
shown in X-ray images is an example of a cognitive system applied to the seman-
tic analysis of image data.
The UBIAS system carries the analysis out by using mathematical linguistic al-
gorithms based on graph formalisms proposed in publications [92], [112].
The key aspect in introducing the right definition of the formal grammar is to
adopt names of bones found within the foot, which include:
talus (tal),
calcaneus (calc),
cuboid - os cuboideum (cubo),
navicular - os naviculare (navi),
lateral cuneiform - os cuneiforme laterale (cunei_l),
medial cuneiform - os cuneiforme mediale (cunei_m),
middle (intermediate) cuneiform - os cuneiforme intermedium (cunei_i),
metatarsal - os metatarsale (m),
hallux (h),
proximal phalanx - phalanx proximalis (phalanx_prox),
middle phalanx - phalanx media (phalanx_med),
distal phalanx - phalanx distalis (phalanx_dist),
The healthy structure of foot bones is shown in Figure 5.2 (a, b).
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