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the possible relationships occurring in human minds and then adapting them to
machine learning processes.
Memory models are also distinguished by the methods of remembering, storing
and retrieving information from various layers of memory. Differences of this type
become the foundation for establishing work stages in the operations of cognitive
data analysis models. These operations are applied in automated (computerised)
solutions in which the stages of information sourcing, its analysis, recording, stor-
age and retrieval are distinguished within the work of the system.
Models of human memory have diverged somewhat, because in 1984 Endel
Tulving distinguished five basic criteria aimed at demonstrating the distinction be-
tween particular memory systems. These criteria have the form of the following
rules [138]:
•
memory systems operate according to different rules;
•
they are characteristic for different stages of the ontogenetic and phylogenic
development;
•
memory systems have various neural foundations;
•
they are characterised by different behavioural and cognitive functions, they are
also used to process various types of information;
•
information is represented using various formats.
The presented memory models show memory as a large set, a store within
which various tasks are executed. This view of memory is characteristic for block
models of memory likened to computer systems which are modular and whose ac-
tion is sequential. The best known block memory models include the one proposed
in 1968 [5] by Atkinson and Shiffrin (Figure 2.8).
Fig. 2.8.
Block memory model. Source: developed on the basis of [5]
Figure 2.8. shows a block model of memory consisting of three memory types -
SBM, STM, LTM - within which the stimulus reaching the memory is stored. In-
formation can reach every block independently and in the case of sensory mem-
ory, the STM and LTM memory can be bypassed. The block memory model be-
haves similarly in the case of the short-term memory, within which the recorded
stimuli fade away. In the case of the long-term memory, the reaction to the stimu-
lus may occur directly or through the short-term memory [67], [75].
In 1988, Lehrl and Fischer [63] proposed a completely different block model of
memory representation (Figure 2.9).
