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Fig. 15.3
Typical light spectrum measured using coherent transition radiation millimeter wave
light source for (
a
) Aus-1, (
b
) Art-1, (
c
) Cul-1
Yan et al. (
2007
) also noted the high concentration of bioactive compounds among
various substitutes. It is noteworthy, however, that despite the high content of the
cardioprotective agent, taurine, the substitutes, but not natural
C
.
Bovis
, decreased
cardiac fibroblast viability. Moreover, although natural
C
.
Bovis
has no effect on
morphology, viability, and beating pattern of cardiac cells in culture, the equivalent
concentration of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid causes cell injury (Takahashi
et al.
2010
). This result suggests that the adequate proportion of components is
important for
C
.
Bovis
to exert its medicinal effect. The efficacy of in vitro cultured
C
.
Bovis
and arti fi cial
C
.
Bovis
has been examined using in vivo and in vitro models
with the aim of attaining equal efficacy for the various preparations (Li et al.
2010
;
Zang et al.
2011
). The present studies suggest methodology to distinguish natural
C
.
Bovis
and its substitutes and provide clues for improvement of the substitutes.
15.4
Conclusion
In summary, this study shows significant biological differences between natural
C
.
Bovis
and two of its substitutes. The substitutes were revealed to contain more tau-
rine, cholic acid, and specific elements than the natural preparations. These compo-
nents may serve as markers to distinguish natural
C
.
Bovis
from its substitutes.
Acknowledgements
We thank Mr. Yoichi Yokota for the support of the materials, and Dr. Tadashi
Saito for help with ICP-MS. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for “Scientific Research
(B),” No. 22300310, in 2010-2012 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Partial support was also provided by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, No. 23·2852, in 2011-2012
from JSPS.
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