Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
noodles. Another study by Polizzi et al. [59] investigated the occurrence of
mycotoxins in air, dust, wallpaper, and silicone materials using both LC
-
MS/MS
and LC
QTOFMS techniques. Application of QTOF technology was also described
by Veprikova et al. [60], who used it for identi
-
cation of masked glycosylated forms
of T2 and HT2 toxins.
The most comprehensive HR-MS studies devoted to the application of UHPLC
-
Orbitrap MS technology in multimycotoxin analysis were published by Herebian
et al. [61], Zachariasova et al. [37,62], Rubert et al. [28], and De Dominicis et al. [63].
All tested 32 mycotoxins as the main representatives of
Fusarium
,
Claviceps
,
Aspergillus
,
Penicillium
, and
Alternaria
fungi. In the study of Herebian et al.
[61], the HPLC
LTQ/Orbitrap MS instru-
ments were critically assessed for their use in cereal examination. Based on analyses
of the undiluted acetonitrile:water extracts, it was concluded that HR-MS is also a
time-saving method useful for the suggested purpose. Zachariasova et al. [37,62]
published the use of Orbitrap MS technology for the analysis of mycotoxins in cereals
and beer. Both studies were focused on comparing two HR-MS instruments (TOF and
Orbitrap MS) and their possible applicability for the fully validated screening and
quantitative methods. In both cases, Orbitrap MS instrumentation was shown to offer
superb sensitivity without the need for lengthy sample preparation protocols. This
particular instrumentation was also used in a validation study aimed at regulated
mycotoxins in wheat/barley flours, crisp bread, and other bakery ingredients [8,63].
The increasing interest in HR-MS for nontargeted screening of masked forms of
mycotoxins and various metabolites was also demonstrated in several publica-
tions [64
-
ESI
-
MS/MS and microcapillary-HPLC
-
66]. HR-MS was shown to be applicable as a detection tool for potentially
harmful compounds, for which analytical standards were not available.
-
8.4 NO-SEPARATION MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED METHODS
In addition to MS-based applications employing separation of the sample extract, some
rapid no-separation techniques, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption MS, ambient
ionization MS, and ion mobility spectrometry, have also been used to analyze
mycotoxins. Examples of applications of these techniques are provided in the following
sections.
8.4.1 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
-
Mass Spectrometry
The principles of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
-
mass spectrometry
(MALDI
MS) have been described in other chapters. Although not widely employed,
several applications of MALDI
-
MS aimed at analysis of mycotoxins have been
published. With regard to the need for internal standardization to allow quanti
-
cation,
MALDI
MS has been usedmainly for qualitative analysis. MALDI is also a useful tool in
characterization and classi
-
cation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin-related proteomics.
In a study by Elosta et al. [67], a thorough optimization of positive-mode MALDI
coupled to TOFMS was performed to allow sensitive determination of DON, NIV,
