Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
6
Battery Ene
rgy Storage
IsaacScottandSe-HeeLee
CONTENTS
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 153
Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries .......................................................... 154
Energy and Power............................................................................................... 155
Lead-Acid Batteries ....................................................................................... 156
Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) Batteries .................................................................... 158
Case Study 1: American Electric Power NaS Battery Project .............. 163
Case Study 2: Xcel Energy to Test Storage of Wind Power Using
1-MW Battery System ............................................................................... 166
Vanadium Redox Batteries............................................................................ 166
Properties of Other Electrochemical Storage Devices .......................... 167
Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.................................................................. 167
Commercial Application: Cellstrom ....................................................... 171
Lithium Ion Batteries ..................................................................................... 174
Thermal Runaway ..................................................................................... 176
Capacity Fading......................................................................................... 177
Loss of High-Rate Discharge Capacity................................................... 177
References............................................................................................................. 178
Introduction
Energy based on electricity generated from renewable sources such as sun
and wind offers enormous potential for meeting future energy demands.
However, the use of electricity generated from these intermittent, renew-
able sources requires efficient electrical energy storage (EES). Efficient and
durable electrical energy storage is one of the major limiting factors for
widespread adoption of renewable energy. This is true from the level of the
national and regional electricity grids down to the level of the home and
automobile. Thus, for large-scale solar- or wind-based electrical generation
to be practical, the development of new EES systems is critical for meeting
continuous energy demands and effectively leveling the cyclic nature of
these energy sources.
