Underground Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage - Large Energy Storage Systems - page 104

TABLE 4.3
Typical Ranges of Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity in Aquifer Materials

Conductivity
k [cm/s]

Conductivity
k [ft/min]

Transmissivity[cm 2 /s],
61-mdepth

Transmissivity[ft 2 /min],200
ftdepth Material

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Unconsolidated
Gravel

1.0E−01 1.0E+01 2.0E−01 2.0E+01 610 60960 39 3936

Sand 1.0E−04 1.0E+00 2.0E−04 2.0E+00 0.610 6096 0.039 394

Silt 1.0E−07 1.0E−03 2.0E−07 2.0E−03 0.001 6.096 0.000039 0.394

Clay and glacial till 1.0E−11 1.0E−06 2.0E−11 2.0E−06 0.0000000610 0.006 0.000000004 0.000394

Sedimentary rock
Sandstone

1.0E−08 1.0E−03 2.0E−08 2.0E−03 0.000061 6.096 0.000004 0.394

Limestone, dolomite 1.0E−07 1.0E−01 2.0E−07 2.0E−01 0.001 610 0.000039 39

Karst limestone 1.0E−04 1.0E+00 2.0E−04 2.0E+00 0.610 6096 0.039 394

Shale 1.0E−11 1.0E−06 2.0E−11 2.0E−06 0.000000061 0.006 0.0000000039 0.000394

Crystalline rock
Basalt

1.0E−09 1.0E−05 2.0E−09 2.0E−05 0.000006 0.061 0.0000003936 0.004

Fractured basalt 1.0E−05 1.0E+00 2.0E−05 2.0E+00 0.061 6096 0.004 394

Dense crystalline rock 1.0E−12 1.0E−08 2.0E−12 2.0E−08 0.0000000061 0.000061 0.0000000004 0.000004

Fractured crystalline rock 1.0E−06 1.0E−02 2.0E−06 2.0E−02 0.006 60.960 0.000394 3.936

Source: Becker, M.F. et al. 1999. Groundwater quality in the Central High Plains Aquifer of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and
Texas. U.S. Geologic Survey, WRIR 02-4112.