Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Mencius (c. 380-289 B.C.): Confucian philosopher who taught that
human nature is innately good and that ren inheres in human hearts.
Mo Di: See Mozi.
M¨ ngke Khan (1209-1259): Grandson of Chinggis Khan and Kha-
ghan (grand leader) of the Mongol world empire from 1251 until his
death; began the final conquest of the Southern Song but died before
completing it.
Mozi (ca. 470-391 B.C.): Chinese religious philosopher who taught
that all people should love each other universally or equally.
Napier, Lord William John (d. 1834):Britonwhobrusquelycon-
fronted the Qing authorities in Canton in 1834 but failed to wring
any concessions from them.
Nurhachi (1559-1626): Manchu leader who unified the Manchu
tribes and began the “great enterprise” of building a conquest dynasty
to topple the Ming; his successors continued his work and conquered
Ming China in 1644.
¨
g¨ dei Khan (1185-1241): Mongol conqueror, son of Chinggis Khan;
planned to depopulate northern China and turn it into pasturelands
for Mongol horses.
Patten, Chris (1944-): Last British governor of Hong Kong; infuri-
ated the Chinese Communists in 1995 when he introduced democratic
institutions and held free and open elections for the colony's Legisla-
tive Council.
Peng Dehuai (1898-1974): Pugnacious military commander in the
Chinese Communist movement who fought valiantly in the Korean
War and later censured Mao at the Lushan meeting in the late 1950s
for the disastrous effects of the Great Leap Forward; later imprisoned;
his reputation has been posthumously rehabilitated.
Poyang (1920-2008): The penname of Kuo I-tung (Guo Yidong), a
native of He'nan province. Poyang went to Taiwan with the National-
ists in 1949. He was never one of them, however, and criticized the
Kuomintang relentlessly in topics and articles. He was sentenced to
many years of imprisonment on Green Island, the Kuomintang's
