First Ray Model Comparing Normal and Hallux Valgus Feet - Computational Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System - page 57

be multifactorial, and information on the role of different sources could aid in designing optimal
treatment interventions. Computer simulation provides a valuable platform for examining specific
factors in a controlled environment. The result in this study demonstrate that the extrinsic loading
factor alone could affect the bone alignment and stress the importance of the intrinsic stabilizing
structures. The results also illustrate the weakened windlass mechanism arising from the hallux val-
gus deformity. Future work could study the influence of ligaments and muscles on the load transfer
mechanism of the first ray.
aCknowledgment
The study was financed by the Research Studentship of Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
reFerenCeS
Abhishek, A., E. Roddy, W. Zhang, and M. Doherty. 2010. Are hallux valgus and big toe pain associated with
impaired quality of life? A cross-sectional study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18 (7):923-6.
Access Economics. 2008. The economic impact of podiatric surgery. In Report for the Australasian College of
Podiatric Surgeons . Sydney, Australia: Access Economics Pty Ltd.
Allen, M. K., T. J. Cuddeford, W. M. Glasoe, L. M. DeKam, P. J. Lee, K. J. Wagner, and H. J. Yack. 2004.
Relationship between static mobility of the first ray and first ray, midfoot, and hindfoot motion during
gait. Foot Ankle Int 25 (6):391-6.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and
Product . Canberra.
Blomgren, M., I. Turan, and M. Agadir. 1991. Gait analysis in hallux valgus. J Foot Surg 30 (1):70-1.
Bonney, G., and I. Macnab. 1952. Hallux valgus and hallux rigidus: a critical survey of operative results. J Bone
Joint Surg Br 34-B (3):366-85.
Caminear, D.S., E. Addis-Thomas, A.W. Brynizcka, and A. Saxena. 2012. Revision hallux valgus sur-
gery. In International Advances in Foot and Ankle Surgery, edited by A. Saxena, pp. 71-82. London:
Springer-Verlag.
Cheung, J. T., M. Zhang, A. K. Leung, and Y. B. Fan. 2005. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the
foot during standing—a material sensitivity study. J Biomech 38 (5):1045-54.
Cheung, J.T.M., and B.M. Nigg. 2008. Clinical applications of computational simulation of foot and ankle.
Sports Orthop Traumatol 23 (4):264-71.
Cho, N. H., S. Kim, D. J. Kwon, and H. A. Kim. 2009. The prevalence of hallux valgus and its association with
foot pain and function in a rural Korean community. J Bone Joint Surg Br 91 (4):494-8.
Coughlin, M.J., and C.P. Jones. 2007. Hallux valgus: demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment.
Foot Ankle Int 28 (7):759-77.
Coughlin, M.J., and C.P. Jones. 2008. Hallux valgus and first ray mobility. A prospective study. J Bone Joint
Surg 90 (5):1166-7.
Coughlin, M.J., C.P. Jones, R. Viladot, P. Glano, B.R. Grebing, M.J. Kennedy, P.S. Shurnas, and F. Alvarez.
2004. Hallux valgus and first ray mobility: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int 25:537-44.
Coughlin, M. J., and R. A. Mann. 2012. Hallux valgus. In Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 8th edition, edited by
M. J. Coughlin, C. L. Saltzman, and R. A. Mann. Pennsylvania: Mosby Elsevier.
Coughlin, M.J., and P.S. Shurnas. 2003. Hallux valgus in men. Part II: First ray mobility after bunionectomy
and factors associated with hallux valgus deformity. Foot Ankle Int 24 (1):73-8.
Courtney, T.K., S. Matz, and B.S. Webster. 2002. Disabling occupational injury in the U.S. construction indus-
try, 1996. J Occup Environ Med 44 (12):1161-8.
Dhukaram, V., M.G. Hullin, and C. Senthil Kumar. 2006. The Mitchell and Scarf osteotomies for hallux
valgus correction: a retrospective, comparative analysis using plantar pressures. J. Foot Ankle Surgery
45 (6):400-409.
Dietze, A., U. Bahlke, H. Martin, and T. Mittlmeier. 2013. First ray instability in hallux valgus deformity:
a radiokinematic and pedobarographic analysis. Foot Ankle Int 34 (1):124-30.
DiGiovanni, J.E., and S.D. Smith. 1976. Normal biomechanics of the adult rearfoot: a radiographic analysis.
J Am Podiatry Assoc 66 (11):812-24.