Female Foot Model for High-Heeled Shoe Design - Computational Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System - page 35

stance phases. The relative high von Mises stress predicted at the second and third metatarsal shafts
during push off could be a result of their confined positions with reduced joint mobility as well
as longer shaft lengths of respective metatarsal bones. The mid-shafts of the second and the third
metatarsals were found to be the most vulnerable locations to stress fracture or fatigue failure, con-
sistent with clinical imaging observations in women (Goud et al. 2011) and previous FE-predicted
bone stress distribution of a weight-bearing male foot (Cheung et al. 2005).
2.4 ConCluSIonS
Systematic simulation procedures for shoe donning from the neutral foot position to the high-heeled
shod position were established. Shod walking simulation considering a three-dimensional foot-
shoe interface for the three major stance instances, from heel strike to midstance to push off, was
done subsequently to the high-heeled shoe donning simulation. The described FE approach could
enhance the accuracy and validity of FE predictions involving complex interfaces between the foot
and footwear and provide a quantitative prediction of interfacial pressure, internal joint contact
pressure, and movements during donning and shod walking conditions. The established high-heeled
shoe donning and walking simulation in this study proved the versatility and promising potential
of computational approaches for realistic biomechanical evaluation and optimization of footwear
design in a virtual environment.
aCknowledgmentS
This work was supported by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong (GRF Project nos.
PolyU5352/08E, PolyU5326/11E), Hong Kong Polytechnic University PhD scholarship, and NSFC
(11272273, 111201010 01).
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