Biomedical Engineering Reference
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each other remain unclear. Quantitatively predicting the relationship between vascular reactivity,
vessel diameter, and blood flow may give insights into the assessment of endothelial functions. In
this review, the methods for modeling temperature and blood flow at the fingertips during cuff-
occlusive RH and a contralateral cooling test are discussed. The discussion centers on the develop-
ments of the authors' modeling work in this aspect.
This review is arranged into five parts. The first part deals with a two-dimensional model for
assessing fingertip temperature variation during cold-water stimulation. Next, approaches for the
simulation of peripheral thermoregulation are discussed. The third part focuses on the develop-
ment of an image-based human model, a Darcy's model, and a heat transfer model of living tissue.
Finally, the applications of this model for assessing vascular reactivity after brachial artery occlu-
sion and a contralateral cooling test are discussed.
23.2 two-dImenSIonal thermal model For aSSeSSIng
Cold-StreSSed eFFeCtS on the human FInger
Figure 23.1 shows the anatomical structure of a finger. It can be seen that the arteries, veins, and
nerves pass through the tissue and are located very close to each other. According to the anatomical
structure of the finger cross-section, the finger is modeled as an elliptical cross-sectional area and
consists of four parts—bone, tendon, dermis, and epidermis—as shown in Figure 23.2a. Figure
23.2b depicts a grid generation of this computation (He et al. 2001).
FIgure 23.1
Anatomical structure of a human finger. (From Kahle W et al.,
Tachen atlas Der Anatomie
,
Bunkoudo, 1990.)
Epidermis
Bone
Tenton
Artery
(a)
(b)
FIgure 23.2
(See color insert.)
(a) Different materials in the finger and (b) a mesh network of the cross
section of the finger.
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