Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2.
At least one inspection of drinking water and sewage plants per year.
3.
Plant operators must be certified.
4.
Plant owners must notify SERM when chlorine levels are low and when
equipment breaks down.
5.
Watershed planning will be used to protect source water from
contamination.
Lessons Learned
The engineering lessons are basic:
1.
The outbreak prompted the Province to change the way it regulated water
and wastewater municipal utilities.
2.
Don't locate a drinking water treatment inlet immediately downstream of
wastewater effluent.
3.
Raw source water should come from a protected watershed, not from a
large turbid waterway downstream from cities and agricultural areas.
4.
A multi-barrier approach is necessary to protect from Cryptosporidium.
a)
Protect the watershed from intensive agriculture.
b)
Treat the organisms like particles using flocculation and sedimentation
Use a combination disinfection procedure using UV light and chlorine.
From an organizational perspective, the following are essential:
1.
c)
Management must emphasize sound technical practices.
2.
Optimum allocation of resources must be made, including access to funds
for small towns like North Battleford.
3.
Prompt, effective communication among all government agencies is
necessary.
References
Engineering Section, Department of Public Works and Utilities. (2006).
City of North
Battleford 2005 Distribution Water Report, City of North Battleford
,
Available at
, (accessed on December 14, 2006).
Fewtrell, L., MacGill, S.M., Kay, D., and Casemore, D. (2001). “Uncertainties in
Risk Assessment for the Determination of Drinking Water Pollutant Concen-
trations: Cryptosporidium Case Study,”
Water Research,
35(2), 441-447.
Finch, G.R. and Belosevic, M. (2001). “Controlling
Giardia
spp. and
Crypto-
sporidium
spp. in Drinking Water by Microbial Reduction Processes,”
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
, 28 (Suppl. 1), 67-80.
Hrudley, S.E., Payment, P., Huck, P.M., Gillham, R.W., and Hrudley, E.J. (2003).
“A Fatal Waterborne Disease Epidemic in Walkerton, Ontario: Comparison
with Other Waterborne Outbreaks in the Developed World,”
Water Science
and Technology
47, 7-14.
