Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.6
Summary of various concentrations of pesticide residues detected in fi sh, mammals, and
biological matrices reported in Kenya from the 1970s
Concentration range
mg/kg ww
Pesticide
Reference
∑
DDT, in fi sh and bird tissue, Lake Nakuru
DDT,
β
-HCH, dieldrin, heptachlor, man adipose tissue
∑
DDT, in fi sh (
Labeo gregori/Clarias gariepus
)
∑
endosulfan, in (
Labeo gregori/Clarias gariepus
)
DDT, DDE, dieldrin, lindane, aldrin, in cattle fat bream
DDT, dieldrin, in chicken eggs, Embu District
Dieldrin, aldrin, in game animals, Lambwe Valley
DDE, in bird tissue, Lake Nakuru
∑
DDT, fi sh (
T. nilotica, Labeo cylindricus
), L. Baringo
∑
DDT, fi sh (
Spirilus nigrax, M. Salmonids
), L. Naivasha
∑
DDT, fi sh (
Tilapia grahami
), Lake Nakuru
∑
DDT, fi sh (
Lates nilotica
), Lake Victoria
β
-HCH, in human milk, Nairobi hospital
DDT, in (
Lates niloticus
) fat and fi llets, Lake Victoria
β
-BCH, dieldrin, lindane, (
Lates niloticus
), Lake Victoria
∑
DDT sharks, bream, catfi sh, Athi River
∑
DDT, tilapia, catfi sh, common carp, Masinga Dam
Lindane, in tilapia, catfi sh, Masinga Dam
Chlorfenvinphos, in cow milk, western Kenya
∑
DDT,
β
-HCH in fi sh Indian Ocean coast, Mombasa
DDT, in fi sh (
Tilapia zillii
), Tana River
∑
endosulfan, (
Tilapia zillii
), Tana River
DDE, dieldrin, lindane, (
Tilapia zillii
), Tana River
∑
DDT, in fi sh, Indian Ocean coast
∑
endosulfan, in fi sh, Indian Ocean coast
Aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, in fi sh, Indian Ocean coast
3.4
6.4
10
2
nk
0.13
6.01
0.004
0.090
nk
nk
nk
4
10
7
Koeman et al. 1972
Wasserman et al. 1972
Munga 1985
Munga 1985
Maitho 1978
Kahunyo et al. 1986
Alsopp 1978
Lincer et al. 1981
Lincer et al. 1981
Lincer et al. 1981
Lincer et al. 1981
Foxall 1983
Kanja 1988
Mitemi and Gitau 1990
Mitemi and Gitau 1990
Mugachia et al. 1992
Mugachia et al. 1992
Mugachia et al. 1992
Kituyi et al. 1997
Everaarts et al. 1997
Lalah et al. 2003
Lalah et al. 2003
Lalah et al. 2003
Barasa et al. 2008
Barasa et al. 2008
Barasa et al. 2008
4×10
2
0.009
0.40
0.001
0.003
0.015
0.004
9
10
6
1.0
0.45
0.99
2.88
10
4
0.77
0.15
0.70
0.113
0.234
0.013
0.021
*1.58
10.69 (fat)
1.2
323(dry fi sh)
1
bdl
bdl
*0.0018
0.141 (fat)
13.5
2.31
10
2
5.9
55.0
1.2
1.445×103
2
Indian Ocean coast includes samples from Sabaki, Kilifi , Mombasa and Ramisi.
Indian Ocean fi sh include sardine (
S. Fambriata
), penaeus spp, black pomfret (
A. niger
) and silver carp (
P. Argenteus
).
Fish fat content range; 0.22-8.59%;
1
bdl: below detection limit (<0.003 ng/g lipid),
2
bdl: below detection limit
(<0.042 ng/g lipid); *concentration range based on mgkg
1
lipid
nk: detected but concentration not given
ww: wet weight
likely route of exposure to fi sh, birds and mammals after legal application of the compound in
soil would therefore be through water. In this regard, the application of carbofuran in fl ooded soil
poses a great risk to birds that sift waterlogged sediment in search of food. Indeed, the application
of carbofuran granules in fl ooded and partially fl ooded fi elds has given rise to many instances of
waterfowl mortality (see Chapter 8). The lethality of carbofuran to aquatic birds during poisoning
of ducks in the irrigation schemes at Mwea and Ahero was highlighted earlier in the 1990s (Odino
and Ogada 2008a, b). Nonetheless, neither domestic water supplies nor aquatic and other wildlife
species in these areas have been analysed to assess potential exposure to carbofuran. The next
section reports on the illegal use of carbofuran to hunt birds in a rice settlement scheme for the
purpose of human consumption, discusses the repercussions to avian biodiversity and considers
the potential risks to human health.
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