Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.2
Summary of some reported uses of Furadan in rice and other crops farming from 1969
Rate of
application
Area
Pesticide use
Cost (KSh)
Primary purpose
Yala
(Yala Integrated
Development Plan)
Furadan 5G
15 to 310
28 kg used
Rice farming (vegetables,
beans, sugarcane)
a
Ahero (1980)
Furadan 5G
b
140
200 g used
Rice farming (outbreak of
armyworm, bacterial wilt aphid
and black rot also reported)
Ahero (1982)
Furadan 5G
not given
not given
Rice farming (trials with new
rice varieties)
Ahero (2000)
Furadan 5G
c
not given
500g used
Rice farming
Tana River
d
(1992-1993)
Furadan 5G
not given
not given
Control of maize stalk-borers in
maize, sorghum and millet
Laikipia and
Isiolo
e
(2008)
Furadan 5G
not given
not given
Maize and wheat farming
a
Other plants and crops grown within the scheme
b
Other pesticides used: dimethoate (100ml), diazinon (20 ml), lambda-cyhalothrin/Karate (100ml), amitraz/Triatix (100ml),
chlorfenvinphos/Steladone (100ml)
c
Other pesticides used: diazinon, lambda-cyhalothrin/Karate, mancozeb/Dithane M45
d
Lalah (1994)
e
Otieno (2009)
in 1969, 1975 and 1980, respectively. Although there were no records of the market price of
Furadan, these costs were most likely offset by government subsidies, which helped farmers with
the costs related to farm maintenance and agrochemicals. The fi nal costs of such 'assistance' were
then deducted from the sales of the farmers' produce. Records indicate that a total of approximately
28 kg of Furadan was applied annually in the Yala scheme.
In 1982, trials with two varieties of rice were conducted over one season at the Ahero Irrigation
Research Station (Anonymous 1982). Diseases and pests were monitored during the growing season
and instances of Furadan use were recorded (although the quantities used were not). The paddies
were linked by canal and irrigation water from River Nyando and Lake Victoria was discharged
to the canal via water inlet and outlet pumps. A 1991 report details training activities on the safe
use of agrochemicals in Narok District. Wheat and maize were the main food crops, and there
was intensive use of pesticides including oxydemeton-methyl (Mestasytox 20L, 120 units used
per year), carbosulfan (Marshal 5L, 20 units per year), lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate 20L, 125 units per
year), malathion 200 ml (40 units per year), diazinon 20 ml (100 units per year). Use of Furadan was
not reported, which may be because its use there was still confi ned to rice crops (Anonymous 1991).
The use of Furadan to control maize stalk borer pest after an outbreak in maize, sorghum, and millet
crops was reported in Tana River District in 1992 and 1993 (Lalah 1994). A Nyando District annual
report listed use of Furadan 5G, diazinon, lambda-cyhalothrin and mancozeb (Dithane M45) in 2000
in the Ahero scheme (Anonymous 2006).
Furadan has recently been used in maize and wheat farming in the Tana River District (Otieno
2009). Table 3.3 lists the formulations that were available in Kenya as of 2009. Whereas carbofu-
ran has been implicated in numerous instances of avian and wildlife mortality in agricultural areas
within North America (see Chapter 8 for examples), the repercussions that may have ensued from
legal and directed applications made in the rice farms and settlements in Kenya remain essentially
unknown/undocumented. Recent reports have indicated that carbofuran is being misused, to poison
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