A Latin American perspective: the environmental impact of farming wheat and rice treated with carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds - Carbofuran and Wildlife Poisoning: Global Perspectives and Forensic Approaches - page 197

Table 7.3 Quantitative list of 13 species of pesticide-intoxicated birds observed in wheat and rice
planting experiments

Number of victims per experiments

Exp.1 Exp.2 Exp.4 Exp.5 Exp.6 Exp.7 Ind.

Bird species

Zenaida auriculata
Eared Dove

4 19 146 5 162 29 365

Columbina talpacoti
Ruddy ground dove

11 . . 1 3 . 15

Gnorimopsar chopi
Chopi blackbird

. 5 3 . . . 8

Athene cunicularia
Burrowing owl*

3 . . . . 4 7

Patagioenas sp
Pigeon

. . . 2 . 2 4

Rupornis magnirostris
Roadside hawk*

2 . . . . . 2

Patagioenas picazuro
Picazuro pigeon

. . . . . 1 1

Falco sparverius
American kestrel*

. . . . . 1 1

Leptotila rufaxilla
White-tipped dove

1 . . . . . 1

Nothura maculosa
Spotted nothura

. . . . . 1 1

Nystalus chacuru
White-eared puffbird*

. . . . . 1 1

Passer domesticus
House sparrow

. 1 . . . . 1

Pitangus sulphuratus
Great kiskadee*

. 1 . . . . 1

Zonotrichia capensis
Rufous-collared sparrow

1 . . . . . 1

Bird carcasses dissected 22 26 149 8 165 39 409

Total of intoxicated victims 25 38 149 30 183 40 465

Legend: Exp. - experiment; Ind. - the total number of individuals intoxicated for each bird species; asterisk (*) indi-
cates carnivorous birds; absence of asterisk indicates granivorous-insectivorous species. Total of intoxicated victims
include dissected carcasses and feather spots of victims attacked by predators.

predator and prey may be undermined, which can then have repercussions for farmers. Since preda-
tors often have a large body mass (and poison ingestion rates may be smaller), it can take longer for
secondary poisoning to take effect, and animals may well shift or seek refuge in adjacent forests.
Such birds would not be detected in our mortality counts, hence our evaluation regarding the effect
of carbofuran (at higher trophic levels) represents an underestimation. We strongly recommend that
studies regarding impacts on predatory birds and mammals, which carry carbofuran in their body
tissue, or in poisoned prey to the forests, be conducted.