Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.5
Details of carbofuran pesticides registered for use in India
Classifi cation under Insecticide Act 1968
Registered for use as pesticide
a
Presentation
1, 3 and 5 kg granules
Trade names
Furadan, Fury, Hexafuran, Furatox, Agrofuran, Furon-G,
Hammer 3 G, Carbomain, Anufuran, Carbocial
Cost
60 to 80 Rs
b
for the 1 kg formulation
Composition
Carbofuran (active ingredient 3 %) along with coating
agent (calcium silicate) and black granules
Crops for which indicated
Apple, banana, bajra
c
, barley, beans, brinjal
d
, carrot,
citrus fruits, cotton, groundnut, jowar
e
, jute
f
, lemon-
grass, maize, okra, paddy wheat, pea, pepper, potato,
soya, sugarcane, tea, tobacco, yam
Dosage of application
16 to 100 kg of the formulation per hectare
Classifi cation as per Insecticides rules 1971
Category I (extremely toxic)
The other formulation, Carbofuran 50 sp, is banned for import, manufacture, and use as a pesticide in India
a
Rupees, the equivalent of ca 1.30 to 1.70 USD
b
A type of millet
c
A type of aubergine/eggplant
d
A type of sorghum
e
Plant fi ber typically used to make rope and sacking
f
4.6 Use of carbofuran in relation to other compounds
The tendency toward lower persistence for OPCs and carbamates such as carbofuran in the environ-
ment is a major factor infl uencing their market uptake and use over more persistent compounds such
as organochlorines. Current work indicates that more 'environmental' damage is thought to have
been caused within India because of the use of persistent compounds such as hexachlorocyclohex-
ane (HCH), DDT, endosulfan and phorate than by carbofuran (Abhilash and Singh 2009). Residue
levels for persistent organochlorines, such as HCH isomers (BHC: 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohex-
ane), DDT compounds [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane], polychlorobiphenyls
(PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) continue to be measured in a number of Indian wildlife spe-
cies (Ramesh, Tanabe, Kannan et al.
1992). For example, high levels of HCH and DDT in the tissues
of pond herons (
Ardeola grayii
) and cattle egrets (
Bubulcus ibis
), which feed in agricultural fi elds,
have been reported. Realistically, many remain of the opinion that for the majority of pesticides,
when properly applied as per the manufacturer's specifi cation, signifi cant injury to wildlife tends to
be rare (Cooper 1991).
4.7 Diagnosing carbofuran poisoning in India
Confi rmation of carbofuran poisoning in wildlife requires careful investigation. Information can be
gained from circumstantial evidence, postmortem examination, sampling, and chemical analyses
(for the specific etiological agent). Typical cholinergic symptoms observed in living ani-
mals are detailed in Chapter 2. When dead animals are found, historical data regarding the type of bait
recovered, any known human-animal confl icts in the region, circumstantial evidence (e.g., containers
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