Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.3
Estimated loss of property due to confl icts in different Protected Areas
throughout India
Estimated value of
loss in rupees (Rs)
Region
Confl ict
Recommendations and remarks
Nandadevi Bio-
sphere Reserve,
North India
a
Crop damage by wild
boar, bear, porcupine,
monkey, musk deer,
partridge
Loss of sheep and
goats to leopards
Crop: 538 620
Livestock: 1 024 520
Change in crop and cropping pat-
tern, to high-value low-volume
crops like medicinal plants
Fair and quick disbursement of
compensation
Work to improve negative attitude
of people towards reserve
Bhadra Tiger
Reserve, South
India
(1996-1999)
b
Crop damage by
elephants
Loss of livestock to
tiger
Crop: 11 percent of
annual grain produc-
tion (0.82 tonnes
per family)
Livestock:
12 percent of total
holding (0.9 head
per family)
Improved compensation scheme
Provision of crop and livestock
insurance
Ranthambore
Tiger Reserve,
Rajasthan
c
Loss of livestock to
tiger
Use of crossbred cattle to
increase effi ciency of their milk
production
Use of bio-gas instead of wood
from forest as fuel
Controlled grazing involving local
village men
Gya-Miru Wildlife
Sanctuary in
Ladakh, Jammu
and Kashmir
d
Loss of domestic live-
stock (sheep, goats,
yak and horses) to
snow leopard (
Panthera
uncia
), Tibetan wolf
(
Canis lupus chanku
)
and Eurasian lynx (
Lynx
isabellina
)
ca 8 600 Rupees,
equivalent to 190
USD per household
per year
No recommendations offered
a
Rao et al. (2002)
b
Madhusudan (2003)
c
Ward (1994)
d
Namgail, Fox and Bhatnagar (2007)
pesticides. They also give details to be incorporated on the packaging as well as the leafl ets that should
accompany each pack of pesticide (shown in Figure 4.3). The skull and crossbones and the word 'poi-
son', marked in red, indicate that carbofuran is an extremely toxic insecticide, belonging to Category I.
This category contains pesticides with a lethal dose (LD
50
) of 1 to 50 milligram per kilogram
body weight and 1 to 200 milligrams per kilogram body weight for oral and dermal routes respec-
tively. The species used to establish toxicity are not indicated.
To assist people from different regions of India (who speak different languages), the label and
leafl ets affi xed or attached to a package containing an insecticide are printed in Hindi, English and in
several other regional languages, usually at least four or fi ve, in use in the areas where the package
is likely to be stocked, sold or distributed. However, it remains possible that some farmers do not
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