Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
trait associations and allowing for selection of multiple QTLs linked to
small effect genes [161]. An important distinction to note is that breed-
ing lines developed using genomic selection are not primarily evaluated
on phenotypic response but on genomic information shared across other
breeding lines, locations, and growth conditions, resulting in the develop-
ment of varieties with increased stability and the increased ability to adapt
to low yielding conditions [160]. Advances in several crops have been
made using this method, including wheat, maize, and barley, and while
progress is slow, this technique increases the potential for development of
varieties that are specifi c for low-input production systems.
11.6 CONCLUSIONS
Overall, improvement in agricultural sustainability by means of increas-
ing yields of low-input production systems is not only possible, but also
urgently needed. By using breeding methods that are geared to the com-
mon limitations experienced by farmers around the globe, varieties with
superior traits and adaptations can be achieved. Increasing the availability
of superior varieties specifically bred to low-input systems, either through
traditional or advanced breeding methods will improve agricultural sus-
tainability and global resource management, as well as decrease the energy
demanded for food production during a time of historic global relevance
as population peaks and valuable finite resources decline.
The potential impact of using breeding for low-input conditions for a
more sustainable agriculture is great, and indeed its feasibility has been
demonstrated for many crops, both autogamous and allogamous. Howev-
er, the use of local crop breeding initiatives for low-input systems requires
mobilization of most immediate stakeholders, who unfortunately are often
demobilized, decapitalized small farmers and peasants. Government ac-
tions worldwide and throughout history have largely neglected this group.
Nonetheless, it is imperative and urgent that now, as world resources are
becoming scarce, not only small farmers but also commercial agriculture
embrace a more rational use of resources to produce enough food and raw
materials for all. Government intervention will certainly be required to
allow small farmers to continue cultivating the land, whereas also com-
