Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5.2
Extraction or synthesis of some substances in the history of mankind [
9
]
8000
BC
Ceramics
1648
Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
3700
BC
Copper, silver and gold
1669 White phosphorus
3000
BC
Lead (Babylonia), bronze (Egypt)
1671
Litmus as an indicator
2900
BC
Glass (Egypt)
1710
Porcelain (Meissen/Germany)
2400
BC
Indigo (Egypt)
1727
Silver nitrate for first photos
2000
BC
.
Sulfur from hot springs
1746
Sulfuric acid
1200
BC
Tin and zinc (India)
1747
Sugar (beets)
1000
BC
Iron
1766
Hydrogen
500
BC
Soda, potash, gypsum, mortar (Roma)
1773
Oxygen, nitrogen
400
BC
Mercury (Greece)
1808
Sodium, potassium, magnesium,
calcium, strontium, barium
20-80
Soap and mineral colors (Rome)
1810
Chlorine
500
Borax and sodium nitrate (India)
1827
Aluminum
600
Porcelain (China)
1855
Lithium
850
Ammonia, acetic acid, white lead
(lead carbonate hydroxide)
1867
Dynamite
900
Paper (Cairo)
1884
Artificial silk
1100
Ink and paint
1894
Argon, noble gases
1227
Spirits of wine as a drug
1898
Polonium, Radium
1230
Gun powder (China)
1901
Indigo
1300
Sulfuric acid
1909
Bakelite
1565
Zinc vitriol (zinc sulfate)
1913
Ammonia
1580
Benzoic acid
1924
Insulin
1928
Penicillin and others
Experimental skills:
Future chemistry teachers not only have to be able to run
experiments on their own, but also to do this in school lessons and to put it across
to their students. Therefore they possess the skills to plan, run and analyze
experiments as well as the manual skills to handle equipment and chemicals in an
appropriate way. That is why prospective teachers should not only get the usual
experimental training in laboratories during their academic studies, but also a metho-
dological training in experiments on significant topics of chemistry lessons at school.
They especially need experience with the demonstration of experiments that
require special safety precaution, such as the handling of:
- Hydrogen, gas mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen and oxyhydrogen reactions
- Alkaline metals, their storage, reactions with water or halogens, as well as safe
disposal
- Halogens, the reactions with metals and hydrogen
- The generation of chlorine in gas generators, its storage in a gas jar and reactions
- White and red phosphorus, storage of white phosphorus, and disposal
- Equipment for quantitative experiments such as scale, burette, transfer pipette,
aerometer, pH meter, other analytical instruments
- Electric circuits, voltmeter, ammeter and required attachments like battery and
transformer
- Electrolysis of salt solutions, Galvanic cells, etc.
