Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure15.12
Example of printed conductor test pattern on i ller-NFC substrate. h e resistance
measurement uses four conductors that are welded on top of the substrate into the printed conductor
line [202] .
and melting of the lithium metal. However, solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) alleviate
this problem [205, 206] and they are of great importance in lithium batteries. In this
way, the addition of CNCs in polymer electrolyte leads to an increase in the mechanical
performance (physical support) at high temperature and only a slight decrease in ion-
conductivity [207, 208]. However, this slight decrease in ion-conductivity can be largely
compensated for by the high reinforcing ef ect. In the past decade, many studies have
already been undertaken, such as Alloin
et al.
(2002) and Samir
et al.
(2004), who inves-
tigated the CNCs-reinforced poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes
displaying high ionic conductivity with high electrochemical, thermal and mechanical
stability [207]. Furthermore, the ef ect of plasticizer [209], crosslinking agent [210],
and polymer matrices [211, 212] in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) system has been
investigated. Also, a hot-pressing technique without solvent has recently been applied
to fabricate composite polymer electrolytes [211, 212].
Most recently, Lalia
et al.
developed nanocomposite i lms based on CNCs-reinforced
poly(vinylidenel uoride-co-hexal uoropropylene) (PH) as a separator for Li-ion bat-
teries by electrospinning method. h e ef ect of CNCs content was investigated on ten-
sile modulus with or without temperature and thermal properties of nanocomposite
i lms. In CNCs, 2 wt% was found to be the optimum amount for improvement in these
properties and an improvement of 75% in tensile modulus showing high values of ten-
sile modulus within the range 30-150°C, while above this concentration, the proper-
ties of this separator decreased [203]. Asgar
et al.
developed CNCs and low molecular
weight polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based biodegradable quasi-solid polymer electrolyte
by entrapping PEG inside the CNCs structure. h e CNCs provide the physical sup-
port while the PEG/LiClO
4
complex provides the electrochemical performance of the
electrolyte. It was observed by dif erential scanning calorimetry (DSC) that the PEG
in the electrolyte remains as a liquid when blended and dried with dif erent content of
CNCs. h e conductivity of electrolyte was achieved in the order of 10
-4
S cm
-1
at room
