Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5.1
Extraction of cellulose nanoi bers and their dimensions [25].
Method
Raw materials
Procedure
Extracted nani ber
dimensions
Mechanical
treatment
Bleached potato pulp
Disintegration in a
Waring blender;
Homogenization by
15 passes through a
laboratory homogenizer,
operated at 500 bars and
90-95
o
C
~ 5 nm in width
Krat pulp
Passing through a rei ner
with a gap of 0.1 mm
30 times, subsequently
passing through a high
pressure homogenizer
up to 30 times and
i nally grinding up to 10
times
50-100 nm in width
and several μm in
length
Soybean stock
Cryocrushing followed
by 20 passes through a
dei brillator at 500-1000
bar
50-100 nm in width
and several μm in
length
Wheat straw
Cryocrushing fol-
lowed by i brilla-
tion using a Cramer
disintegrator at 2000
rpm; homogenization
by 20 passes through a
laboratory dei brillator
at pressure above 300
bar.
20-120 nm in
width, majority
around 30-40 nm
Wood pulp,
Tunicin cellulose,
Chitosan, Collagen
Microi brillation by
super-grinder
20-90 nm in width
Hemp i ber, Spring l ax,
Bleached krat pulp,
Rutabaga
Cryocrushing
followed by high
shear homogenization
5-80 nm in width,
the majority
around 10-60 nm
Chemical
treatment
Never-dried bleached-
s u l i te/krat pulp
TEMPO-mediated
oxidation, followed
by disintegration in a
Waring blender
Few nm in width
