Control Models of Tourism Development and Conservation Management with Respect to Indigenous Culture - Restorative Redevelopment of Devastated Ecocultural Landscapes - page 40

want to get deeper into the culture. Historical tourism is for people to see traces
of the past. They would like to see indigenous monuments and demonstrations on
how the indigenous ancestors practiced their daily lives long ago. Environmental
tourism brings people who want to enjoy the natural beauty and wildlife of the
indigenous land. Recreational tourism attracts people who want to enjoy the col-
ors of natural beauty and a luxurious accommodation package. Enjoyment of ease
and comfort are the key features for the destination, which contains more general
images without site specificity. For instance, the sun, beach, and sea compose the
typical destination images for recreational tourism in many of the Pacific indig-
enous islands. In contrast, with ethnic tourism a destination is promoted with more
site specificity.
When the number of tourists increases toward the recreational tourism end of
the spectrum, it is accompanied by a decreasing willingness or ability of tourists to
adapt to the local life. In addition, in order to meet the demand, more tourism facili-
ties are needed, which usually differ from the indigenous people's way of life. On
the other end of the spectrum, as mentioned, is ethnic tourism. This is marked by a
decrease in the number of tourists and more emphasis is on tourists' willingness and
desire to arrange their own trip. This is moving toward individual tourism, where
contact with the indigenous community becomes more frequent and important.
Conservation policies controlled by different power groups affect the destination
attractions. The national park conservation model encloses the highest biodiversity
and a significant natural environment inside the park boundary. This then becomes
the main target for environmental and recreational tourism. For example, safari tour-
ism in East Africa's national parks is one of the hottest recreational tourism destina-
tions currently. If we see the history of national parks, there are strong connections
between parks and sport hunting and recreation by European elites in North Africa
and North America. Even the name “national park” is already the attraction point in
advertisement, because it means that nature is reserved. On the other hand, ethnic
and cultural tourism promise tourists the experience of the indigenous life. This
form of tourism is highest when the land is under indigenous sovereignty since cul-
ture authenticity and specialty are kept. With the decrease of the indigenous control
involvement, the authenticity of the cultural experience lessens.
DEVELOPMENT STAGES ON INDIGENOUS LAND
Butler describes the development process in a tourism destination as a “growth-peak-
decline” model (Butler 1980). This model characterizes the destination area in seven
distinctive stages. They are the exploration, involvement, development, consolida-
tion, stagnation, decline, and rejuvenation stages (Butler 1980). His model is prob-
ably the most cited model that discusses the development of tourism destinations,
even though there are critiques about the model being overly simplified (Weaver
2000; Prosser 1995). When this model applies to an indigenous culture's land, it can
be modified in the last three stages. The development sequence becomes the explora-
tion, involvement, prime development, competition and decline, and regulated reju-
venation or unregulated rejuvenation stages (Figure 5.3).