Control Models of Tourism Development and Conservation Management with Respect to Indigenous Culture - Restorative Redevelopment of Devastated Ecocultural Landscapes - page 35

Central
Control

Local
Control

Traditional National Park Co-Management Indigenous Culture

Local people
are eliminated
from the park
boundary, and
totally
disappear from
the tourist
experience

Local people
are outside the
park boundary,
but are part of
the park
experience

Local people
are separated
from the park,
but control
their own land
in the
community

Local people as
the target to be
protected, such
as a kind of
endangered
species

Local people
form the
subgroup of the
central
government

Local people
and central
government
have equal
power

Local people
have the control
power, but the
management
and conservation
model are from
the mainstream
culture

Local people
have the control
power with
cultural
identification

Power from above Power from below

Elimination

No Yes

Accessibility

No Yes

Consultation

No Yes

Negotiation

No Yes

Sovereignty

FIGURE 5.1 Park and people models divided by the control power relationship.