Infrastructure Models for Ecological Wastewater Management - Restorative Redevelopment of Devastated Ecocultural Landscapes - page 407

Method of
Anal Cleaning

Water or
soft paper

Hard or bulky
materials

Water Consumed
Each Use

>3 liters 3 liters 1 liter <1 liter None

Cost at can
be Afforded

Medium
low

Medium
low

Very high Low High Very low

Flush
toilet

Pour
flush

Pour
flush

Composting
toilet

VIP
latrine

Simple
pit latrine

Point of Collection

Bucket

Population density not a significant factor on
subsequent technology choices

High Medium Low

Population Density

Regional
sewer

Cluster
system

Household
plumbing

Household
plumbing

Household
plumbing

Household
plumbing

None None None

Collection Network

Advanced
treatment,
disinfection,
surface water
discharge

Composting
land
application of
stabilized
solids

Secondary
treatment,
soil
infiltration

Land
application of
unstabilized
solids

Land
application of
unstabilized
solids

Land
application of
unstabilized
excreta

Septic tank,
soil
infiltration

Twin
seepage
pits

Single
seepage
pit

Typical Methods of Treatment and Disposal

Yes, for
overflow
from seepage
pits

Yes, for
overflow
from seepage
pits

Yes, for liquid
fraction from
composting

Yes Yes Yes No No No

Are Wetlands an Appropriate Treatment Technology?

FIGURE 20.5 Use of single-home ecotechnology for wastewater management. Reprinted
with permission from Wallace, S. D., and R. L. Knight. 2006. Feasibility, design criteria,
and O&M requirements for small-scale constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems.
Project 01-CTS-5. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Foundation.