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FIGURE 13.3
Polar coordinate systems.
and
r
x
r
r
y
r
x =
cos
φ =
y =
sin
φ =
(13.7c)
∂φ
1
r
y
r 2
∂φ
1
r
x
r 2
x =−
sin
φ =−
y =
cos
φ =
These derivatives can be obtained by using the Jacobian (Problem 13.1) or directly from Eq.
(13.7b). As an example of the latter case, observe from r 2
x 2
y 2
=
+
that
2 r
r
so that
r
x
r =
x =
2 x
x =
cos
φ
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