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FIGURE 11.16
Influence of imperfections on a framework.
it is apparent that the moments and shearing forces are affected significantly by the sec-
ond order effects and the imperfections. It is concluded that, not only does the influence
of second order effects have to be taken into account to obtain realistic results and safe
designs, but also initial imperfections play an important role and have to be considered.
For this reason, in some design codes, limits on imperfections are prescribed to assure a
safe design.
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