Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.4
Major U.S. Urban Centers and Their Sedimentary Environments
Geologic Environment
Urban Area
Alluvial
Beach
Eolian
Fluvial
Glacial
Lacustrine
Marine
Volcanic
Bedrock
Atlanta 1
X
X
X
Baltimore 2
X
X
X
Boston 3
X
X
X
X
X
Chicago 4
X
X
X
X
Cincinnati 5
X
X
X
X
Cleveland 5
X
X
X
X
Dallas 6,7
X
X
X
X
X
Detroit 8, 9
X
X
X
X
Denver 10
X
X
X
X
X
Houston 6,7
X
X
X
Indianapolis 30
X
X
X
Kansas City 11,12
X
X
X
Las Vegas 13
X
X
X
X
X
Los Angeles 14
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Miami 15
X
X
X
Minneapolis 16
X
X
X
X
X
New Orleans 17
X
X
X
X
New York 18
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Philadelphia 19, 20
X
X
X
X
X
Phoenix 21, 22
X
X
X
X
X
Pittsburgh 19
X
X
X
X
X
Portland 23
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
San Antonio 6,7
X
X
X
X
X
Saint Louis 24
X
X
X
X
X
Salt Lake City 25
X
X
X
X
X
X
San Francisco 26
X
X
X
X
X
Seattle 28
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tampa 15, 27
X
X
X
X
X
X
Washington, DC 29
X
X
X
X
Sources: King and Beikman (1974) and others .
1 Abra ms (1984); 2 USGS (2009a); 3 Kaye (1976); 4 Alder (1902); 5 Coogan (1996); 6 USGS (2009b); 7 Spearing (1991);
8 Rogers (1996); 9 Rogers (1997); 10 Halka (1980); 11 Aber (1984); 12 Gentle (1984); 13 Page et al. (2005); 14 Bilodeau et al.
(2007); 15 Florida Geological Survey (1994); 16 Ojakangas and Matsch (1982); 17 Snowden (1980); 18 USGS (2003);
19 Barnes and Sevon (1996); 20 Goodwin (1964); 21 Allen (2003); 22 Halka (1983); 23 Trimble (1963); 24 Missouri
Department of Natural Resource, Geological Survey Division; 25 Stokes (1989); 26 Stoffer and Gordon (2001);
27 USGS (2005); 28 Stewart (1992); 29 USGS (2007); 30 Indiana Geological Survey.
the last 65 million or more years by the numerous rivers that drain off the Appalachian
Mountains. Fluvial sediments occur as four main types (Leopold et al. 1992):
1. Channel-floor sediments deposited on the bottom of the river or stream; sizes
range from fine sand to gravel depending on flow velocity.
2. Bar sediments deposited along the river and stream banks, especially along the
inside portions of river or stream channel bends (Figure 2.31). Deposits are sand
and gravel with some silt.
 
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