Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.4
Major U.S. Urban Centers and Their Sedimentary Environments
Geologic Environment
Urban Area
Alluvial
Beach
Eolian
Fluvial
Glacial
Lacustrine
Marine
Volcanic
Bedrock
Atlanta
1
X
X
X
Baltimore
2
X
X
X
Boston
3
X
X
X
X
X
Chicago
4
X
X
X
X
Cincinnati
5
X
X
X
X
Cleveland
5
X
X
X
X
Dallas
6,7
X
X
X
X
X
Detroit
8, 9
X
X
X
X
Denver
10
X
X
X
X
X
Houston
6,7
X
X
X
Indianapolis
30
X
X
X
Kansas City
11,12
X
X
X
Las Vegas
13
X
X
X
X
X
Los Angeles
14
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Miami
15
X
X
X
Minneapolis
16
X
X
X
X
X
New Orleans
17
X
X
X
X
New York
18
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Philadelphia
19, 20
X
X
X
X
X
Phoenix
21, 22
X
X
X
X
X
Pittsburgh
19
X
X
X
X
X
Portland
23
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
San Antonio
6,7
X
X
X
X
X
Saint Louis
24
X
X
X
X
X
Salt Lake City
25
X
X
X
X
X
X
San Francisco
26
X
X
X
X
X
Seattle
28
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tampa
15, 27
X
X
X
X
X
X
Washington, DC
29
X
X
X
X
Sources:
King and Beikman (1974) and others
.
1
Abra ms (1984);
2
USGS (2009a);
3
Kaye (1976);
4
Alder (1902);
5
Coogan (1996);
6
USGS (2009b);
7
Spearing (1991);
8
Rogers (1996);
9
Rogers (1997);
10
Halka (1980);
11
Aber (1984);
12
Gentle (1984);
13
Page et al. (2005);
14
Bilodeau et al.
(2007);
15
Florida Geological Survey (1994);
16
Ojakangas and Matsch (1982);
17
Snowden (1980);
18
USGS (2003);
19
Barnes and Sevon (1996);
20
Goodwin (1964);
21
Allen (2003);
22
Halka (1983);
23
Trimble (1963);
24
Missouri
Department of Natural Resource, Geological Survey Division;
25
Stokes (1989);
26
Stoffer and Gordon (2001);
27
USGS (2005);
28
Stewart (1992);
29
USGS (2007);
30
Indiana Geological Survey.
the last 65 million or more years by the numerous rivers that drain off the Appalachian
Mountains. Fluvial sediments occur as four main types (Leopold et al. 1992):
1. Channel-floor sediments deposited on the bottom of the river or stream; sizes
range from fine sand to gravel depending on flow velocity.
2. Bar sediments deposited along the river and stream banks, especially along the
inside portions of river or stream channel bends (Figure 2.31). Deposits are sand
and gravel with some silt.
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