Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
USGS 06917000 L Osage R at Fulton, KS
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Provisional data subject to revision
Median daily statistic (61 years)
Discharge
FIGURE 13.12
Daily hydrograph for a stream in Kansas, United States. (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ks/nwis/uv?)
•
Aerial photographs of the watershed taken during “leaf on” conditions
. Try to get the
most recent images available. The Natural Resource Conservation Service has
aerial imagery for many urban areas. Land cover and tree patterns can assist
with strategies to provide more interception storage and more infiltration capac-
ity. Knowing the locations of brownfields and their proximity to surface water
and groundwater recharge zones is also important for minimizing the impacts of
contaminated runoff. In addition, aerial photos can identify locations along urban
streams where public access is limited. In heavily urbanized watersheds, rail lines
and industrial facilities often block access to the water. If the properties are aban-
doned, these areas can be restored to improve access.
•
A map of current water drainage infrastructure
. Many communities have digital maps
of their sanitary and storm sewer lines, surface drains, and the locations of deten-
tion basins and access structures. These maps can help you identify where runoff
volumes are large and natural drainage patterns have been altered.
•
A map showing the locations of brownfields in the watershed, and the results of the soil
and groundwater testing from these sites
. The brownfield map can help identify areas
where there are potential storage areas for stormwater runoff and for increasing
the local density of vegetation. Soil and groundwater data can be used to charac-
terize the extent and pattern of contamination, and the erosion potential at these
abandoned sites.
13.4.1.2
Step 2: Inventory of Hazardous Substances
With point sources, reading product labels was the important activity. For nonpoint
sources, determining the locations within the watershed where hazardous substances may
be released and transported by erosion and stormwater is the essential action. During wet
weather, lawns release nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticide residues; feedlots contribute
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