Remediation: Techniques and Cost - Urban Watersheds: Geology, Contamination, and Sustainable Development - page 406

• Of the 280 sites, 246 were located in the United States and 34 were located in other
countries.
• Sites were located in 34 different states: AL, AK, AR, CA, CO, DE, FL, GA, IL, IN,
IA, KS, KY, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, RI, TN,
TX, UT, VA, WA, WI.
• International sites were located in 14 countries: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
China, England, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa,
Ukraine.
• Property size ranged from 1.8 ac to more than 300 ac.
• All were located in urban areas.
• Many of the facilities operated for more than 100 years.
• Operations at most facilities included heavy manufacturing.
The data collected from each site included (Rogers et al. 2006, 2009)
• Contaminant discovery facts
• Estimated date of release
• Release circumstances
• Release operation location
• Source of the release
• Contaminant(s) of concern
• Media(s) impacted
• Media(s) remediated
• Surface and subsurface geology
• Topography
• Surface and subsurface hydrological setting
• Fate and transport analysis
• Analysis of potential receptors
• Remedial technology selected
• Contaminant mass remediated
• Contaminant mass remaining in place
• Timeframe from discovery to remediation
• Cost of investigation
• Cost of remediation
• Projected future cost to closure if not yet achieved
• Project future timeframe to closure if not yet achieved
• Regulatory involvement
Contaminants remediated included Arsenic, Chromium VI, Lead, Mercury, Perchlorate,
Chlordane, LNAPL VOCs, DNAPL VOCs, PAHs, and PCBs. Several other contaminants were
detected, but were not at sufficiently high enough concentrations to be the focus or target of
a remedial action. Some of these contaminants also occur naturally. Concentrations detected,
however, exceeded background concentrations and were therefore considered anthropogenic.