Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Adsorbent
pads
Containment
boom
FIGURE 11.28
Containment booms and adsorbent pads. (Photo by Daniel T. Rogers.)
No oil sheen
Containment
boom
Oil sheen
Adsorbent
pads
FIGURE 11.29
Oil sheen containment booms and adsorbent pads. (Photo by Daniel T. Rogers.)
As noted in Chapter 3, groundwater often discharges to surface water and accounts
for much of the baseflow in surface streams. Surface water can therefore become con-
taminated from impacted groundwater discharging to surface water. This event, shown
in Figure 11.30, is often poorly understood and underestimated as a pollutant source to
surface water (Murray et al. 1997; Rogers 1997; Rogers and Murray 1997; USEPA 2000).
When pollution originates from dispersed locations as in Figure 11.30, it is referred to
as nonpoint source pollution (Novotny 2003). Remediation of nonpoint source pollution is
challenging and can only be effective if
• A monitoring network is established.
• Continuous monitoring is conducted using mass balance techniques to establish
what fraction of the total contaminant load originated from nonpoint sources.
• The geology and hydrogeology of a region or watershed is well understood. Knowing
the characteristics of baseflow is critical (e.g., recharge and discharge areas).
• Potential sources of pollution are identified across three dimensions, including
soil, groundwater, surface water, the atmosphere, and any human activities.
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