Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Surface features
indicating karst
topography
Collapsed sink
hole
Limestone
bedrock
Fractures and
solution cavities
Limestone
bedrock
Groundwater filled
solution cavities
FIGURE 3.15
Karst topography. (From Illinois State Geological Survey, Geobit 7 karst, http://www.isgs.edu/maps-datapub/
publications/geobits7.shtml, 2010.)
FIGURE 3.16
Fractured and solution enhanced bedrock.
locations within an aquifer are exactly alike. Since aquifers are a member of a larger set of
geologic units (e.g., glacial deposits), some of those principles used to evaluate the hetero-
geneity and homogeneity of the larger set also apply to aquifers:
• The size and shape of any geologic unit is inherently different when evaluated
from a three-dimensional perspective. Confined and unconfined aquifers range
in thickness and areal distribution and composition of matrix materials (e.g., sand,
gravel and fractured limestone).
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