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alternative management policies 2 . Past ecosystem-scaled model development has
been limited by the conceptual complexity of formulating, building, and calibrating
intricate models. This has led to a general recognition of the need for collabora-
tive modeling projects 3 . A graphically based, spatial modeling environment (SME)
has been developed at the University of Maryland to address the conceptual com-
plexity and collaborative barriers to spatio-temporal ecosystem model development.
The modeling environment links icon-based graphical modeling environments (e.g.
STELLA) with parallel supercomputers and a generic object database 4 . It allows
users to create and share modular, reusable model components, and utilize advanced
parallel computer architectures without having to invest unnecessary time in com-
puter programming or learning new system.
The reader could run this complex model after learning the associated special
software. However the process is somewhat complex and requires special hardware
as well. Nevertheless, the model is included here in part as a demonstration of ad-
vanced modeling of diseases and pests that builds on the lessons from previous
chapters in this topic and to prompt exploration of more complex spatial dynamics
that underlie many disease and pest issues.
15.2.2 Fox Rabies in Illinois
The epidemiology of fox rabies is intimately linked with fox behavior. Foxes pro-
duce their young in spring and juveniles migrate each fall and early winter. Adults
will also migrate out of their home range if their population density is sufficiently
high. This migratory behavior becomes the vehicle for widespread transmission of
2 Risser, P.G., J.R. Karr, and R.T. Foreman. 1984. “Landscape Ecology: Directions and Ap-
proaches.” Illinois Natural History Survey special publication; no. 2, Illinois Natural History
Survey.
Costanza, R., F.H. Sklar, and M.L. White, 1990. BioScience 40 91-107.
Sklar, F.H. and R. Costanza. 1991. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, eds. M.G.
Turner and R. Gardner, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 239-288.
3 Goodall, D.W. 1974. The Hierarchical Approach to Model Building, The First International
Congress of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands, Center for Agricultural Publishing and Docu-
mentation.
Acock B. and J.F. Reynolds. 1990. Process Modeling of Forest Growth Responses to Envi-
ronmental Stress, eds. R.K. Dixon, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark, and W.G. Warren, Timber Press,
Portland, OR.
4 Costanza, R. and T. Maxwell,. 1991. Ecological Modeling 58 159-183.
Maxwell, T. and R. Costanza. 1994. Toward Sustainable Development: Concepts, Methods,
and Policy, vol. 58, eds. J. Van den Bergh and J. Van der Straaten, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
pp. 111-138.
Maxwell, T. and R. Costanza. 1995. International Journal of Computer Simulation: Special
Issue on Advanced Simulation Methodologies 5 247-262.
SME, http://kabir.cbl.umces.edu/SME3/index.html, International Institute for Ecological Eco-
nomics, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland System (1999).
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